tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88646882750832998882024-03-08T06:40:01.320-08:00Ways to write an essaySythesis Essay TopicBella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.comBlogger36125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-54316454028646933442020-08-25T20:43:00.001-07:002020-08-25T20:43:05.493-07:00Analysis of General Environment EssayHSBC Bank (China) is one of the principal outside banks to fuse locally in territory. As a remote possessed bank, HSBC has the biggest administrations organize among outside banks, focusing on the white collar class people and business-arranged people in China. With the globalization, China is viewed as the greatest market on the planet. The general condition will carry incredible impact to the future improvement of the HSBC (China). The particular investigation is as follow. 1. Segment Environment China has the biggest populace in the globe that the number has just arrived at 1.4 billion. The greater part of the individuals are living in the east and center zones. As it were, the center or more white collar class individuals collect in these two zones with the interest of bank administration. (National Bureau of Statistic of China, 2011) As the cultural weight becoming heavier, less individuals are happy to bring forth infant so the issue of populace maturing emerges. As per the change and opening strategies, the east and south zones are preferred created over the focal and the west. Individuals in the beach front locale have higher normal pay than others. Thus, HSBC (China) for the most part fabricate its financial system in the east and south zones, which are purported first-level urban areas. In the mean time, it has additionally extended branches in some second-level urban communities in the focal zone of China. 2. Financial Environment As a developing business sector, China is creating at an exceptionally quick speed with consistently developing Gross Domestic Product just as high fare overflow. In any case, regarding worldwide condition, the world still not recuperates from the monetary downturn. The budgetary market in territory has been affected that the swapping scale of RMB has gone increasingly elevated, which has been bring about the expansion. To more readily control the monetary market, the loan fee has been expanded to confine the income in the market and individual sparing rate goes up that individuals are urged to set aside cash in banks as opposed to contributing. Another monetary factor putting impact on HBCS in China is the joblessness rate. China government commits into keeping the joblessness rate low and stable, in light of the fact that once the rate increases forcefully, this will obliterate the concordance of the general public. Thus, HSBC (China) should consider this factor to acquire trust an d backing from the neighborhood government. 3. World of politics In China, banks are administered by the China Banking Regulatory Commission. There are numerous hindrances setting before those outside banks in China, for example, remote banks are not allowed to set up a business of any scale in the territory, since the Chinese enactments limit on what number of neighborhood banking activities can incline toward outside banks. Then again, the new gatherings have held the force, which implies new arrangements and new change may appear. Various arrangements and change will altogether influence the presence of HSBC in China. With the improvement of the capital market, the money related condition will be deregulated and increase an all the more relaxing condition. Besides, outside banks in China must be charged duty, which will build the expense and lower the benefits of HSBC in terrain. As the mandatory training promoting, an ever increasing number of individuals respect the financial help. They become to have great information to the financial things and are tied near those administrations. 4. Socio-social Environment Banks serve for peopleââ¬â¢s request and need. Peopleââ¬â¢s demeanor towards banks is impacted by the social-social condition. In China, clients are increasingly preservationist that they lean toward setting aside cash. In this way, more accentuation ought to be put on the retail banking administrations in terrain. Late years, with the effect of money related emergency, individuals are less confiding in banks. Banks are viewed as insatiable associations by general society, which was result from subjective financial charges. 5. Mechanical Environment Mechanical change can carry new style of business to associations. It can change both the item and business way. Since the consistent improvement of the Internet, HSBC has propelled its web based financial administrations in China. Individuals can have an electronic record to check userââ¬â¢s equalizations and exchanges, make move just as take care of tabs. All the while, working together through the Internet spare the ideal opportunity for clients, yet in addition disentangle the business procedure for HSBC with the goal that they can cut huge measure of cost. Moreover, the improvement of the cell phone likewise benefits the financial administrations. Individuals can undoubtedly access to their record through the versatile Internet. Also, specific applications have been concocted for portable clients to control their financial assistance. For instance, HSBC has its own applications which can be utilized for IOS (iphone) and Android working frameworks. These applications are advantageous to utilize and furthermore help HSBC to sparing work just as time cost. 6. Worldwide Environment The worldwide condition is fairly can't be constrained by the associations itself. The worldwide economy remains in a downturn for a while and is by all accounts hard to recoup from it. The resulting impacts of the monetary emergency influence the economy in China. HSBC (China) has earned less benefit these years. In spite of the fact that the full scale condition isn't so idealistic, China is as yet the hugest likely market far and wide. Other than China, there are as yet many rising nations show up on the planet, similar to India. Later on, HSBC (China) should focus on make more favorable position seriousness than those HSBC banks in other worldwide areas. Reference Time everlasting in 60 minutes. (2009). Ecological Analysis-HSBC(A Marketing Perspective). Accessible from: http://cloudchronicler.net/2009/10/14/natural examination hsbc-draft-duplicate/HSBC Bank (China) Company Limited Fact Sheet. (2013). Accessible from: http://www.hsbc.com.cn/1/PA_1_083Q9FFKG80E20RA9Q00000000/content/china/about/docs/factsheeten.pdf HSBC Bank (China). (2013). About HSBC (China). Accessible from: http://www.hsbc.com.cn/1/2/hsbc-china-cn Sina News. (2012). The War of the Interest Rate. Accessible from: http://news.dichan.sina.com.cn/2012/08/02/539030.html Studymode. (2012). A PEST Analysis Report of HSBC. Accessible from: http://www.studymode.com/papers/Pest-Analysis-Hsbc-Holding-Plc-1206636.html The Wall Street Journal. (2011). In China, Foreign Banks Still Lag Behind. Accessible from:http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904491704576574281790473152.html Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-58480706080831598872020-08-22T05:46:00.001-07:002020-08-22T05:46:04.294-07:00Terrorism, Its Groups and CategoriesPresentation Terrorism assaults have gotten extremely regular in todayââ¬â¢s world particularly with the expanding clashes of intensity and the expansion in budgetary troubles in the globe. Numerous fear monger bunches have been shaped whose principle plan is cause viciousness so as to accomplish certain political or strict objectives. Loss of lives and annihilation of property have been the significant impacts of the assaults particularly with the expanding innovation where cutting-edge methods of assaulting have been grown particularly the utilization of natural and substance weapons.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Terrorism, Its Groups and Categories explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most of the fear based oppressor assaults happening these days are in any event, being upheld by the military powers of the nations included which make the assaults considerably progressively coercive since the military that ought to ensure the indiv iduals is itself engaged with similar assaults. The fear based oppressors have the accept that their activities can generally be supported by law. This makes them as sure as they plan the assaults quite well with the goal that they know precisely where and how to assault (Anderson, 2002, p. 1). Classifications of fear based oppressor associations Terrorist associations are the gatherings that cooperate in arranging and executing psychological oppressor assaults. There are two essential classifications of psychological oppressor associations to be specific household and global likewise alluded to as remote fear monger associations. Local fear mongering, as the name recommends, includes psychological oppressor exercises either by an individual or a gathering guiding the demonstrations of viciousness to claim individuals particularly the administration. Then again, universal psychological oppression which comprises of global fear monger associations, includes psychological warfare exer cises where an individual or a gathering of individuals are guided by different nations to do savagery assaults to different nations past their limits. Household fear based oppressor associations are, in this way, in view of their neighborhoods. For example, a psychological militant association that assaults just its own legislature or nearby society, however not different nations, is a residential fear based oppressor association. Household psychological warfare regularly happens in African countries contradicted to global fear based oppression whose center lies for the most part with the Americans. Because of this reality, the U.S keeps up an alternate comprehension and meaning of psychological oppression that is not quite the same as that of African countries. Universal psychological warfare can be said to make passings for some individuals or result genuine wounds just as harm of property. Then again, household fear mongering is less savage and results to bring down paces of kil lings and loss of property as psychological oppressor gatherings, who are for the most part regular people, just pressure the legislature to make a specific move. Albeit the two sorts of fear mongering are focused on a specific objectives, the two of them vary in that universal psychological oppressors focuses on the universes ground-breaking nations as they look for general sentiment from the globe. Local fear based oppression is, be that as it may, directed to the neighborhood settings inside a countyââ¬â¢s boundary.Advertising Looking for research project on political theories? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While household fear mongering, generally in Africa, is roused by neediness among state individuals and the longing to build up their nations financially, universal psychological oppression isn't legitimately connected to these components confirm by numerous psychological militant gatherings originating from wealthy foundations. Another significant contrast comes in with the innovation utilized in the two kinds of fear mongering where worldwide psychological warfare includes the utilization of advanced innovation to complete the assaults, for example, rockets while most local fear mongering includes utilization of human endeavors to make destruction in a state. Psychological warfare exercises are completed by fear monger bunches which are characterized as any development that utilizes savagery as a weapon to accomplish its objectives political, ideological or strict (Shinn, 2005, p. 1). Contrasts in the two classes of fear monger associations Despite the way that all psychological militant associations consistently have practically comparative thought processes they vary in specific points of view in spite of the fact that they all have the general goals of standoffish intentions. Since their exercises include threatening vibe, they need to design and arrange on the most proficient method to d eal with security in the territories they are wanting to assault. Household psychological oppressor bunches are not, typically, bolstered by the administration since as a rule; they assault the legislature so as to accomplish certain objectives. They in this manner have methodologies that they use to get individuals or certain social gatherings to help and identify with them. This help group incorporate both dynamic and latent individuals who don't take an interest straightforwardly in the assaulting exercises yet rather offer help in different manners, for example, money related, security, just to make reference to a couple. The dynamic individuals, then again, incorporate the dynamic vivacious individuals who take an interest in the genuine exercises of assaulting including battling and revolts. Such help groups might be volunteers if at all they bolster the quest for the objective being referred to or in different cases, they might be constrained into taking an interest by the fe ar based oppressor individuals. Worldwide psychological militant associations, then again, are bound to e upheld by their administrations since a large portion of them assault, not their nation of origin, yet different countries because of debates on command over land, power or even strict clashes. These gatherings are in this manner bolstered monetarily, as far as enrollments, weapons just as methods for correspondence. With regards to enrollment and preparing, the two psychological oppressor bunches likewise contrast in that the local fear based oppressor associations as a rule enlist school and secondary school leavers yet just who are up for the undertaking. Also, the procedure must be delicate to security since its locally situated and the groupsââ¬â¢ aims ought not be distinguished in light of the fact that the greater part of the psychological oppressor assaults happen when they are least expected.Advertising We will compose a custom research project test on Terrorism, Its Groups and Categories explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, enlistment and preparing exercises should e done so privately without including the general population. Universal fear monger gatherings, then again, select individuals who are known to be connected to psychological militant gatherings or even individuals whose relatives have been before engaged with the fear monger assaults. Fundamentally, enlists in worldwide fear based oppressor bunches include individuals whose foundations are known with the individuals who have family connections to the association getting need over others (Mfields 2004, p. 1). The preparation procedure fundamentally includes giving guidance on the utilization of weapons utilized in the assaults. Local psychological oppressor associations are fundamental engaged with less fierce activities, for example, seizure of occupation in a specific structure, capturing and conventional bombings and deaths. Then again, universal fear based oppressor associations utilize increasingly fierce activities. A large portion of them incorporate the dangerous atomic weapons, the utilization of natural and other substance materials. These progressed innovative weapons are undeniably more ruinous than the customary strategies since they are focused to cause mass obliteration. A large number of the global fear mongers are presently utilizing synthetic compounds that are intended to cause savage infections, for example, Bacillus anthracis. Others utilize the innovation to spread certain spores which cause skin contamination which isn't treated at the earliest opportunity, results to death. Because of the distinctions in accessibility of help particularly from the legislature, different offices, for example, preparing, propelled weapons and budgetary components, the two gatherings of fear based oppressor associations have contrasted enormously in their achievement of their psychological oppressor assaults. The local gathering s have not been effective throughout the years because of absence of cutting edge mechanical skill of weapons just as preparing administrations. Furthermore, household psychological militants are not enormous enough to counter the security of a nation where they are intending to assault on the grounds that the administrations are consistently more grounded than such gatherings are. Universal psychological oppressors have, be that as it may, been effective a large number of their assaults with the utilization of cutting edge weapons, the help they get from the administration and the utilization of experienced people as individuals from the gathering. The administration bolster offers them the chance to design and sort out each progression of the exercises, for example, correspondence on the off chance that more selects are required or extra weapons too giving them monetary help which is pivotal in the accomplishment of such worldwide assaults (Samuraitom 2007, p. 1). End Terrorism ha s gotten normal in todayââ¬â¢s political and strict field. There has been both household and universal fear based oppression where local psychological warfare includes neighborhood assaults that are less vicious while the worldwide assaults are increasingly merciless and targets nations past fringes. In spite of the reality psychological oppressors accept that they reserve the option to accomplish certain objectives, assaulting others causing obliteration isn't the main way they can do so.Advertising Searching for research project on political theories? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More For example, tranquil shows could be held by a gathering of individuals to air their perspectives which doesn't include property obliteration or loss of lives. Fear based oppressor associations ought to in this manner be confined to forestall the damage they cause during assaults. Particularly governments that help these gatherings in assaulting different countries should stop this bad habit and discover better methods of tackling issues, for example, haggling between clashing countries. All endeavors ought to in this way be done to limit the development of such fear monger associations. Reference List Anderson, W. (2002). Psychological warfare and the Drug War: More Unforeseen Consequences. Web. Mfields. (2004). Fear based oppression. Web. Samuraitom Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-56953274718545974382020-08-09T04:25:00.001-07:002020-08-09T04:25:03.250-07:00Spring Break PlansSpring Break Plans Hey all! Spring break is coming faster than we know. Some people may enjoy time off relaxing with their families. Others may plan a trip with their friends. Last year, I chose to go on an alternative spring break trip with an organization called Students Today Leaders Forever (STLF). I transferred to Illinois last spring and was still finding my place on campus and in a group of friends. I heard about STLF through the School of Social Work newsletter and became interested in their mission. STLF is an organization that does volunteer trips. I wanted to be involved with their alternative spring break program through the Illinois chapter. On this trip, a group of students would travel on a bus through different states and volunteer in different communities. I was pretty nervous thinking about going on a trip when I didnt know anyone else, but I really thought it sounded like an amazing opportunity. Then I found out a friend from my residence hall was going on the trip as well. I still didnt know what to expect, but I was pretty excited to know I wasnt alone. This trip was so much fun. A diverse group of students, we all became really good friends within the nine days we were together. We volunteered together, played games, danced, took pictures, and everything in between. My friend and I really connected with another group of girls and we became best friends. This trip really made me feel like I was somewhere I belonged, all the while helping people and communities along the way. While Im sure not everyone would have the exact same experience as I did, I definitely recommend putting yourself out there and doing something unexpected. The outcome of this trip was way more than I ever thought it would be, and I am so grateful for the experience. Heres a picture of my group and me on the beach in Pensacola! Whatever you choose to do on spring break, remember to have fun and be safe! -Alex Alex Class of 2017 My major is Social Work and I love every minute of it. I grew up in a really small town called Braidwood, Illinois. Before I attended the University of Illinois, I went to Joliet Junior College. Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-63154363559520442332020-05-23T14:15:00.001-07:002020-05-23T14:15:04.602-07:00medical law project Essay example - 1042 Words Unit 8 Project Questions: Part I 1. Under HIPAA, are you legally allowed to view this patientââ¬â¢s medical information? Why or why not? Under HIPAA you are not legally allowed to view a patients medical information unless you have written consent, but because he just had outpatient surgery and signed a HIPAA release of information form so you are able to view his information. 2. In this case, how would you be able to correct your error and provide the missing documents to the patient while still protecting patient confidentiality under HIPAA? I would contact the patient by phone, mail or email. What ever way he wanted to be contacted in his file thatââ¬â¢s how I would contact the patient. I would ask him if he wanted toâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Ideally, a glass enclosure should be present at the front desk in all waiting rooms to separate the receptionist from the patients and provide an additional aid for patient confidentiality. The sign-in sheet or patient register should be designed so those patients who are signing in or registering cannot view other patientsââ¬â¢ names. 6. A breach of confidentiality can result in what consequences for a health care professional? The penalties for violating HIPAA range from civil penalties of up to $100 per person per incident for minor improper disclosures of health information, and up to $25,000 for multiple violations of the same standard in a calendar year. Federal criminal liability for improper disclosure of information or for obtaining information under false pretenses carries sanctions (fines) of $50,000 and one year in prison. The liability for obtaining protected health information under false pretenses with the intent to sell, transfer, or use the information for personal gain or for a malicious action, such as Medicare fraud, carries penalties of $250,000 and/or up to ten years in prison. Severe penalties are in effect if lax security allows health information to be stolen. There is also a risk of a class action suit as well as public relations damage to the institutionââ¬â¢s or physicianââ¬â¢s ima ge. 7. From the list ofShow MoreRelatedEssay on Medical Law and Bioethics Unit 4 Project675 Words à |à 3 Pagesduring a terminal illness. (Medical Law and Ethics, 2008, pp. 102) An advance directive is a very important part of life once you have been diagnosed with a terminal illness, or even if you are getting older and doubt the degree to which you will be taken care of. Three types of advance directives are living wills, a durable power of attorney, and a do not resuscitate (DNR). A Living will is a document that you draft before becoming too incompetent to make your own medical decisions. A Durable powerRead MoreEuthanasia Is Morally Wrong? Essay1626 Words à |à 7 Pagesspecifically how euthanasia is morally wrong. 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The Supremacy Clause is derived through Constitutional Law and determines that the Constitution, Federal statutes, and United States treaties contain the ââ¬Å"supreme law of the landâ⬠, creating the framework for the highest areas of law within the American Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-78913595465185513392020-05-12T10:20:00.001-07:002020-05-12T10:20:03.428-07:00Fully Explain How Advertising Can Affect Profits in... This essay is going to examine how advertising strategies used in different market structures affects profits of the firms. This essay is being written based on Advertising, an article by Geoff Stewart, in which he examines ââ¬Å"how do firms determine their advertising strategyâ⬠. In this article he uses Monopolies as an example of a non-competitive market and Oligopolies as an example of competitive markets, so in this essay Monopolies and Oligopolies will also be used as examples. However other competitive markets include perfect competition and monopolistic competition. A Monopoly is a market structure characterised by one firm and many buyers, a lack of substitute products and barriers to entry (Pass et al. 2000). An oligopoly is aâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦To help explain how profits are made through advertising in a competitive market Stewart uses game theory. Game theory is a technique that uses logical deduction to explore the consequences of various strategies that might be adopted by competing game players (Collins, 2000). Table 1 (Stewart, 2005) is a simple view of two firms that have to choice of advertising or not advertising, if both firms were to advertise there profit would be 1, if one to was to advertise and the other didnââ¬â¢t then the firm who is advertising will get a profit of 3 and the one not advertising will get 0, if they both donââ¬â¢t advertise then they will both make a profit of 2. It is in the interest of the firms to advertise however because there is the possibility of them making more profits than not adv ertising. The choice to advertise is the firms dominant strategy and firms will always go for their dominant strategy. Table 2 (Stewart, 2005) is used to describe how advertising in a market may increase demand in the market rather than market share. It is still in the firmsââ¬â¢ interest to carry out their dominant strategy in this case however it also maximises joint profit in this case. 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Debt Ratios | 19 | iv. Profitability Ratios | 20 | v. Market Ratios | 23 | Phase Two | | I. General Environment (PEST Analysis) | 24 | II. Porters model (PM) | 28 | III. Strategic groups (SG) | 30 | IV. Competitors profile matrix (CPM) | 32 | V. External factor evaluation (EFE) |Read MoreSupply and Demand and Study Guide20292 Words à |à 82 PagesAustralia was not involved in its production. CONTENTS Contents 3 Introduction 5 An introduction to the economic perspective 13 Demand and supply 17 Elasticity 21 Market applications 25 The behaviour of firms and costs 31 Perfect competition 37 Monopoly 43 Monopolistic competition 47 Oligopoly 51 Economic performance, market failure and government intervention 55 Appendix: Guide to working successfully through the unit 63 INTRODUCTION Welcome to Microeconomics 1. In this unit of studyRead MoreManagerial Economics Essay8301 Words à |à 34 Pages12th July 2013 PROBLEM SET #1 1. Complete the following table and answer the accompanying questions. a. At what level of the control variable are net benefits maximized? Net Benefit is also profit. The formula for this is MB = MC. As seen in the table completed above, after applying the formula then net benefit is maximized where Q = 106. b. What is the relation between marginal benefit and marginal cost at this level of the control variable Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-45273716966046614132020-05-06T12:15:00.001-07:002020-05-06T12:15:47.828-07:00Major Appliance Business Group Free Essays The technique of segment markets and targets of particular groups are a technique aimed to choose a certain class of customers, and It focus on study and find the dimensions of the products that could be played by Increasing marketing. Itââ¬â¢s important for the company to segmenting the market demands. This means that they need to focus on categorizing certain categories, so that it is possible for each category product to be similar to another one. We will write a custom essay sample on Major Appliance Business Group or any similar topic only for you Order Now By doing this technique, the company s selling the same product to match all the needs of the customers. The other goal is to reach and get the largest possible area of the customers by identifying the category or market sector, which has a purchasing power that leads to increase the value of marketing. That market segmentation helps in proper planning to pack the right marketing of the product. It also makes us extend our product at the same time to meet the needs of consumers, which Is very Important In the creation of the product. For example if the target category is for the people who are older than 70 years or younger than 20 years old, then we have to take into consideration that there is a limited income of the teenage and the elderly. Market segmentation helps to reduce the risk in determining where, when, how, and who will be marketing the product, service, or brand. It also increases the efficiency of direct marketing through special efforts towards a particular sector in a manner insistent with the characteristics of that part. Segmenting markets Is the simplest and the most Important technique for matching supply and demand. Steven Major Appliance Business Group By gerrymander aimed to choose a certain class of customers, and it focus on study and find the dimensions of the products that could be played by increasing marketing. Of consumers, which is very important in the creation of the product. Segmenting markets is the simplest and the most important technique for matching How to cite Major Appliance Business Group, Papers Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-14408355985362417562020-05-02T05:19:00.001-07:002020-05-02T05:19:02.695-07:00Strategy Sustainability Business Manifesto Question: Discuss about the Strategy Sustainability for Business Manifesto. Answer: Introduction The study focuses on the sustainability issues of the planet earth. However, on analyzing the video of sustainability, it can be said that the biosphere is degrading day by day. Pollution and globalization are the causes of degradation in the atmosphere. Woolworths is chosen in order to describe five opportunities and five threats related to the sustainability. Woolworths is focused on sustainable measures of waste management in the process of manufacturing in order to reduce the rate of pollution. The packaging system of many of its products in the company use eco-friendly and biodegradable items such as jute or paper in order to pack their products to reduce pollution. Many of the manufacturing facilities and retail outlets of Woolworths are using renewable source of energy for running their machineries and other stuffs within the store. Sustainable measures are formulated while reducing the carbon footprint of the company so that it can contribute fewer pollutants to the atmosphere. Improved technologies are used in order to recycle the amount of wastage emitted by the company in order to increase the profitability of the company (Cullen, 2016). Five threats of sustainability in Woolworths: Change of climate is the cause of the lesser production of the manufacturing facilities of the different branches of Woolworths. The increase of business operations of Woolworths is a cause of deforestation to the atmosphere. The elimination of the different wastages from the company will be a reason for polluting the air and water. The water pollution in the oceans and rivers causes death of many sea animals that affects the food chain of the ecosystem. The elimination of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide excessively leads to depletion of ozone layer that causes entrance of UV rays to the atmosphere (Werbach, 2013). References Cullen, J. G. (2016). Educating Business Students About Sustainability: A Bibliometric Review of Current Trends and Research Needs.Journal of Business Ethics, 1-11. Werbach, A. (2013).Strategy for sustainability: A business manifesto. Harvard Business Press. Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-76960623476905495162020-03-22T11:42:00.001-07:002020-03-22T11:42:02.851-07:00Redditors on Writing The Takeaways It is nearly impossible for a writer to exist in a vacuum. We all need the support, encouragement and especially the advice of other writers. It doesnââ¬â¢t matter if you are seeking tips on how to write an essay for college, ways to improve your sales copy, or insight for developing characters in a novel. We all have something to learn from our fellow composers.What Do Redditors Have To Do With It?Perhaps you yourself are a Redditor ââ¬â an obsessive fan of Reddit.com. If so, you understand the site is a wealth of information and insight. Therefore, it probably isnââ¬â¢t surprising weââ¬â¢ve managed to compose an entire article filled with your witty repartee.If, however, you arenââ¬â¢t a regular at Reddit.com, you are probably questioning our reasoning. After all, itââ¬â¢s sometimes said a Redditor ââ¬Å"possesses an inflated sense of self-importance.â⬠In most situations, the tendency to spout out opinions on nearly everything under the sun is a bit o bnoxious. However, in some instances, it can also be helpful. And fortunately, weââ¬â¢ve found one of those helpful situations!One particular Redditor (GetYourAlbatros) started a conversation that is actually quite helpful. This Redditor posed the question: ââ¬Å"What is your number one tip or trick for better writing?â⬠This extremely popular thread shed light on a very helpful topic. There are plenty of websites, books and even inspirational quotes from the literary masters who supposedly offer tips for writers. While these things are often helpful, the information is sometimes hard to relate to.After all, itââ¬â¢s challenging trying to emulate a famous author who simply needs to churn out a half-hearted attempt at a blog post or book and instantly secures an obsessive fanbase. Following in the footsteps of a starving artist who is still in the trenches, trying to combat writerââ¬â¢s block on a daily basis is easier to relate to.So, letââ¬â¢s hear what the R edditors have to say!ââ¬Å"Donââ¬â¢t be afraid to write shitty. Assume it will always be shitty until the end.â⬠This is perhaps one of the best pieces of advice when it comes to battling the blank page. If you expect sensational material to flow magically from your brain to your computer screen, youââ¬â¢ll never get anywhere.Another Redditor added: ââ¬Å"Get the ideas on the page before you lose them.â⬠Donââ¬â¢t correct spelling errors. Donââ¬â¢t worry about proper punctuation. Donââ¬â¢t stop to research a point. Just write. You can edit later.C. J. Cherryh said, ââ¬Å"It is perfectly ok to write garbage ââ¬â as long as you edit brilliantly.â⬠Once you have all your thoughts down, go back and edit. And edit again.ââ¬Å"Always start a new sentence or paragraph before you stop writing for the day so that when you come back, you have somewhere to pick up from againâ⬠If a single composition spans several writing sessions, it is a fact o f life that most of the time will be spent reviewing what youââ¬â¢ve already written. There is a chance that just as much time can be wasted trying to determine where youââ¬â¢ll go next.Combat both of these issues by leaving yourself a little inspiration. Maybe you jot down the opening sentence to the next paragraph. Maybe you quickly compose all the upcoming subheadings. Maybe you leave yourself a short and direct list of bullet points, outlining where your thoughts are headed.E. L. Doctorow said, ââ¬Å"Writingâ⬠¦is like driving a car at night. You can only see as far as your headlights, but you can make the whole trip that way.â⬠ââ¬Å"Disconnect from the internet.â⬠For me, as a blogger of the company that provides essay writing service, this is probably one of the most difficult tips to follow ââ¬â yet it is probably the most helpful. Another Redditor commented, ââ¬Å"My output increased by roughly 300% when I started writing in a cafà © without W iFi.Until itââ¬â¢s gone, you wonââ¬â¢t notice how much time you really waste on the internet. Sure, you know the time spent Facebook stalking or Reddit obsessing is pointless, but you wonââ¬â¢t know just how many hours you waste until you disconnect.Having the internet in the background is just too tempting. You might jump online quick to research a fact. While youââ¬â¢re there, you check your email. Someone sent you a link to an article. You must read it. Now, you need to log on to all your social media accounts and share it with the masses. While youââ¬â¢re there, youââ¬â¢ll want to catch up on the latest gossip.And what happened to your writing project? What writing project?!Just remove the temptation. Turn the WiFi off. Go somewhere where the internet isnââ¬â¢t available. Heck, use paper and a pen if you must!ââ¬Å"Learn to kill an idea.â⬠For most of us, writing is our passion. We often feel we are bleeding as we type. Thatââ¬â¢s why it is difficult to edit. No one wants to think a single word is unworthy.But to be successful, you must learn to kill an idea ââ¬â no matter how attached you are to it. Another Redditor commented, Good ideas usually donââ¬â¢t take long to flesh out. Bad ideas suck hours from my productivity.â⬠Stephen King added, ââ¬Å"When your story is ready for rewrite, cut it to the bone. Get rid of every ounce of excess fat. This is going to hurt; revising a story down to the bare essentials is always a little like murdering children, but it must be done.â⬠ââ¬Å"If you have inspiration, do not stop writing until it runs out. This is when your absolute best stuff is going to flow, so letting an arbitrary thing stop you will only impede your progress.â⬠Work schedules are great. They can force you to be productive when you are absolutely certain nothing of worth can flow from your brain.Most writers recommend establishing a writing schedule. Tell yourself you are going to write for a certain length of time at a designated hour each day. If you donââ¬â¢t do this, there is a very good chance youââ¬â¢ll never get around to it.However, writing schedules can be very limiting too ââ¬â if you let them. When writing is a struggle and thoughts arenââ¬â¢t flowing naturally, having a cut-off time will ensure you donââ¬â¢t give up prematurely.But if the good stuff is flowing, donââ¬â¢t stop! Donââ¬â¢t close up shop just because the clock chimes a certain number of times or because your favorite TV show is about to start.William Faulkner said, ââ¬Å"Get it down. Take chances. It may be bad, but itââ¬â¢s the only way you can do anything really good.â⬠Get it down ââ¬â no matter what else might be going on around you.Hopefully, youââ¬â¢ve made it this far and the fact we suggest you take advice from Redditors didnââ¬â¢t offend you too much. In a worst case scenario, you can just pretend we got the above tips from a n anonymous source. After all, according to Ernest Hemmingway, ââ¬Å"itââ¬â¢s none of their business that you have to learn to write. Let them think you were born that way.â⬠Now, how about you pass the torch, share the love, follow in the footsteps of others. Share your best writing hacks in the comment section below. Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-51517709513294889162020-03-05T22:35:00.001-08:002020-03-05T22:35:03.497-08:00Free Essays on Scarlet Letter- RomanticismRomanticism is categorized as ââ¬Å"a preference for simplicity and naturalness, a love of plain feelings and truth to common place reality, especially as found in natural scenesâ⬠. Nathaniel Hawthorne was an anti-transcendentalist and believed in the dark side of man, hence his dark romantic novel The Scarlet Letter. This allegorical novel depends heavily on symbol and character. The novel is chock full of symbolic dimension of images, characters, and descriptions. The Scarlet Letter defines the American Romanticist movement while using symbolic characters and places that give the book seemingly two different stories. The first story denotes the story going on in the book, including the characters. The other story has symbols that speak on morals, religious doctrine, and public mindset. Furthermore the novel can be defined as a romantic novel by analyzing the characters Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale for their overall purpose to the story and the symbolism. An important concept of romanticism includes a close connection to the earth and natural scenes. A large occurrence of this comes in the first chapter of the book. The chapter mentions a rose bush outside of the prison. The novel then goes on to outline the rosebush as a beautiful thing that rises out of a bad place. The rosebush symbolizes a beauty that can not be taken away, the human spirit, like that of Hawthorne himself and also of Hester. In addition the prison represents Puritan society, with all of its strict social and moral rules of conduct, and the rose bush symbolizes the individual, standing defiantly on their own, lively and strong, in spite of the society as a whole, against them. Hawthorneââ¬â¢s use of the rosebush implies that there may be an indestructible human impulse that can survive in people despite social order and natural rights. Another romantic nature symbol is the forest, which symbolizes both safe and evil aspects. An instance of the forest being e vil... Free Essays on Scarlet Letter- Romanticism Free Essays on Scarlet Letter- Romanticism Romanticism is categorized as ââ¬Å"a preference for simplicity and naturalness, a love of plain feelings and truth to common place reality, especially as found in natural scenesâ⬠. Nathaniel Hawthorne was an anti-transcendentalist and believed in the dark side of man, hence his dark romantic novel The Scarlet Letter. This allegorical novel depends heavily on symbol and character. The novel is chock full of symbolic dimension of images, characters, and descriptions. The Scarlet Letter defines the American Romanticist movement while using symbolic characters and places that give the book seemingly two different stories. The first story denotes the story going on in the book, including the characters. The other story has symbols that speak on morals, religious doctrine, and public mindset. Furthermore the novel can be defined as a romantic novel by analyzing the characters Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale for their overall purpose to the story and the symbolism. An important concept of romanticism includes a close connection to the earth and natural scenes. A large occurrence of this comes in the first chapter of the book. The chapter mentions a rose bush outside of the prison. The novel then goes on to outline the rosebush as a beautiful thing that rises out of a bad place. The rosebush symbolizes a beauty that can not be taken away, the human spirit, like that of Hawthorne himself and also of Hester. In addition the prison represents Puritan society, with all of its strict social and moral rules of conduct, and the rose bush symbolizes the individual, standing defiantly on their own, lively and strong, in spite of the society as a whole, against them. Hawthorneââ¬â¢s use of the rosebush implies that there may be an indestructible human impulse that can survive in people despite social order and natural rights. Another romantic nature symbol is the forest, which symbolizes both safe and evil aspects. An instance of the forest being e vil... Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-41227321415334945502020-02-18T14:02:00.001-08:002020-02-18T14:02:01.934-08:00Public Sector has been hit by the economic downturn and have opted to DissertationPublic Sector has been hit by the economic downturn and have opted to recruit fixed term or temporary posts rather than recruiti - Dissertation Example Temporary employment is becoming common in Europe and the UK also but its impact on firm performance and productivity has not been studied extensively, state Camerman, Cropanzano, and Vandenberghe. The cost to a company does not merely include the wages and the employee benefits. It should also include the recruitment and selection costs, the costs of training and development, and more importantly the employee contribution towards organizational performance. While it is difficult to measure individual employee contribution towards organizational performance, employee commitment and motivation would, to some extent, impact productivity. The increased use of temporary workers by the public sector has given rise to concerns of employee commitment and consequently the indirect costs associated with temporary or fixed-term workers. 1.2 Rationale for research The public sector employers have a positive outlook on temporary workers, the motivation being that it gives them access to specific skill sets (Woods, 2010). Forty four percent of the public sector employers even site this as essential to the success of their organization. A flexible workforce is essential to allow the businesses to grow. The public sector needs a major transformation and this demands a team of talented professionals to manage change. Skills are required in diverse sectors such as project management, budgetary control, procurement, HR outsourcing and transformation. Flexible workforce appears to be the key to a successful organization. Labour market regulation affects labour productivity growth through its impact on worker motivation and effort. If the wages are below the fair wage perception of the workers, the efforts of employees would be reduced. The higher the wage, the higher will be the effort put in by the employees due to higher cost of job loss (Storm & Naastepad, 2007). A study of 20 OECD countries suggests that regulated labour markets promote long-run labour productivity growth bot h in case of temporary and full-time workers. Regulation raises worker commitment and motivation. Several public sector organizations such as Caerphilly County Borough Council, Cardiff Council, RCT, Torfaen and Merthyr Councils have been employing temporary workers. However, not much of research is available on employee motivation among temporary workers in public sector organizations. It is hence difficult to ascertain to what extent these employees provide competitive advantage. Hence, with the aim to ascertain the strategic decision that public sector organizations should take in staffing and human resources, the research questions for the study are: Are employee commitment and motivation among temporary workers directly related to productivity? To what extent employee motivation and commitment of directly employed temporary workers in public sector organizations differ against the permanent workers? Is it more economical to hire temporary workers against permanent employees taki ng into account the benefits that have to be given to permanent workers in such organizations? 1.3 Definition of terms Temporary workers Temporary workers are employees who are not permanently hired but hired just for limited periods of time (Entrepreneur Media, 2011). They work for a specific purpose for a specified period of time. Motivation Motivation according to Hardre (2003) is an internal process that controls and regulates behavior. It has been defined as a Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-47370361496917430642020-02-03T21:20:00.001-08:002020-02-03T21:20:02.878-08:00Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 20Business Ethics - Essay Example The plot revolves around the business interrelation that exists between China, Iran and the United States of America. It begins with a missile that vanishes in Iran. This creates tension among security forces in the US and the CIA is the most affected. Funny enough this does not worry them as they have something else bigger to worry about. In relation to this, the new owner of the Emirates oil company gives a deal to China and cuts out a company from the US that reacts by firing all its workers who are not of the native origin and goes further to combine with an undersized firm which has just landed on an oil contract in Kazakhstani. The US unit of justice notices bribery in the oil firmââ¬â¢s law unit finds its way out by identifying a scapegoat. Bribery is against business ethics and it brings a bad picture of the company. The CIA needs to find a scapegoat as well after the mission of eliminating Emir-apparent backfires. This can be described as unethical skills of doing busines s because it is engaging in criminal activities so as to gain certain interest. Bob Barnes a CIA agent looks into the whole saga which is considered to be a double cross. An economist from America sacrifices his son to come into contract with sheik which entailed advising him that the CIA wants him dead. The movie features current events in the business world such as oil trade. The world depends on oil and people would do anything to ensure that they have this commodity even if it means breaking business ethical rules. Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-63383073013393269892020-01-26T17:44:00.001-08:002020-01-26T17:44:03.763-08:00Utilisation of Grasscutter for Household Protein IntakeUtilisation of Grasscutter for Household Protein Intake Abstractà Sustainability in Nigerian Agriculture with preference to grasscutter production was examined in this study. The study is considered necessary due to insufficient information on the subject, ineffective reforms embarked upon by government, individual and donor-sponsored animal production projects in the tropics at various levels and scale of production the stock that has little impact. Grasscutter is an herbivore and so can feed conveniently on some forages, crop residues (e.g. rice straw), agro-industrial by-product and kitchen leftovers. Some fodder species that can also be fed to the animals are Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass) and Panicum maximum (guinea grass). It is concluded that grasscutter production which is suitable for backyard family production offers a great potential for increased food security, income generation, employment opportunities and above all, provision of high quality animal protein intake. INTRODUCTION Animal protein intake is dismally low in less-developed countries than in the developed countries. The Food and Agriculture and Organization (FAO) recommends a minimum of 70g of protein daily per caput, out of which at least 35g (50%) should come from animal protein, but the average Nigerian consumes 10g of protein with 3.2g of this amount from animal protein. Pathetically, Nigeria with population of about 140 million, the highest in Africa, has the highest number of under-five mortality. These deaths occur because of low protein intake. To bridge this gap therefore, all reasonable and practical options deserve thorough consideration. Micro-livestock such as rabbit, guinea pig, grasscutter, giant rat, iguana and pigeons have been suggested by Vietmeyer (1984) as rapid means of obtaining animal proteins. The grasscutter is the second biggest wild rodent after porcupine in Africa. About 40,000 tons grasscutter meat per year is consumed in West Africa of which only 0.2% is provided by d omesticated grasscutters. Its meat, said to resemble that of piglets is greatly appreciated and highly favoured in West and Central Africa (Adjanohoun, 1988). The grasscutter belongs to the mammalian order and family of Rodentia and Tyronomyidae, respectively and is genetically more closely related to the porcupine than to the rat. The expanded demand for grasscutter meat currently poses the greatest threat to its very genetic survival, although the species is currently classified as unthreatened according to the FAOs world watch list (FAO, 2000). The populations of wild grasscutters in West and Central African countries are declining due to over-hunting and destruction of their habitat. In order to ensure their sustainable existence and use, their domestication at this juncture is therefore innevitable,à given the fact that some success in domestication has been achieved in this region (Mensah, 1985). Physical Characteristics of grasscutter Grasscutters are strictly herbivores, and prefer mainly thick-stemmed grass species (Schrage and Yewadan, 1999). Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) also known as cane rat among some people is one of the best animals now domesticated in Nigeria as well as in other sub-Sahara part of Africa. With grasscutter farming, income generation from the initial establishment would continue to flourish because of its fast generation of income. The animal has many traditional names depending on the tribe. Among the Yorubas, it is known as Oya, while some people called it Obije, Nohi as well as Gafya. It is a heavy, compact and the largest African rodent after the porcupine (Hystrix Cristata). When fully grown, the body length varies between 42 and 58cm. its tail measure between 22cm and 25cm and standing height is between 23cm to 30cm. The average adult weighs about 3kg for female and 4.5kg for males making grasscutter to have an outstanding weight than average matured broiler with lesser capit al involvement. Breeds Although many varieties of grasscutter have been described, they belong to two different species: Smaller grasscutter (Thryonomys gregorianus), as described by Thomas (1894) which is smaller in size and may reach 8 kg and a body length of 50 cm and has a shorter tail. They are found in savannas in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Zaire, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and southward to Rhodesia while Largerà grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus) Thomas, 1922 which is of greater size, weighs 9 kg or more and has a head-body length up to 60 cm, a rather long tail and spread from Senegal to South Africa (all countries of west, east, and southern Africa). Breeding and Reproduction Grasscutters are induced ovulators (Stier, et al. 1991; Adjanohoun, 1993; Addo, et al. 2001) and breed all year round (Asibey, 1974). Therefore no consideration was given to the time of mating. The female grasscutter is known as doe while the male is known as buck. Puberty in female is attained from 5 month and male from 7th month. The female should not be put to service until 6 month of age and live-weight of about 1.5kg while male can be used for first service from age of 8 months upwards at about 2kg. Some important factors that can affect the reproductive performance of grasscutter are nutrition, lighting regime, stress, and lack of water. The pregnancy or gestation period is 145-167 days with an average of about 150 days (5 months). The gestation period reduce with successive pregnancies. The grasscutter is capable of breeding two times a year. The litter size (number of young ones per birth) varies between 1-7 with an average litter of 4. The doe has no definite oestrus cycle. The incidence of post partum oestrus (i.e. occurrence of oestrus just after giving birth) suggests that the grasscutter can be mated immediately after parturition (giving birth). The recommended mating ratio is one male for every three to six females. MANAGEMENTAL PRACTICES Housing Before the purchase of grasscutter, a place to house them must have been provided. Under theà intensive system, grasscutter may be housed in a container, hutches or deep litter. However, house or building is required for grasscutter. Grasscutter buildings are built to protect the animals against rain, winds, theft, predators, and escape etc. Buildings (houses) should be located in clean and stress-free areas. The infrastructures consist of stable and pens equipped with cages and/ or floor hutches. Other stable and pen equipment indispensable to successful grasscutter husbandry in the intensive system of rearing include feed troughs/mangers, watering place and restraint cages Cane- rat housing should be located far from very noisy environment to avoid stress, should be far from bad odour to prevent illness, and should be close to the residence of the breeder to ensure security, close monitoring and supervision. There are two main types of cages Colony Cages: used for rearing grasscutter in groups and individual cage: used for rearing uncastrated adult male grasscutter and also a quarantine area for sick or injured grasscutters. Colony cages dimension: L * W * H : 2m * 1m * 0.4m. Entrance : L * W : 30cm * 25 cm. Two entrances on each side is recommended. Individual cages : Dimension :- L * W * H : 0.5m * 0.45m * 0.30m. Entrance :- L * W 18 *18 Feeding management Grasscutter are herbivorous animals whose source of food is basically 70 to 80 per cent from the forest. Their major food is Elephant or Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum). They also love to eat certain gramineous plant with thick succulent stalks such as Sugar cane (Saccharum spp), Guinea grass (Panicum maximum), Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus), Congo grassà (Brachiaria ruziziensis) as well as dried leaf of Leucaena leucocephala i.e. hybrid tamarind. The animal also like Gliricidia sepium, herbaceous legumes like Stylo (Stylosanthes gracilis) and Pueraria phaseoloides. The root and pitch of oil and coconut palms, bark of the anacardium and fruits such as half ripen pawpaw, plantain, pineapple, mango etc are their delight. Food crops such as groundnut, rice, maize, grain legume, tubers like cassava, sweet potato etc also make part of their food. They can also be fed with formulated concentrates like pellet as well as other processed by-products like wheat bran, corn bran, groundnut, soya, oilseed, cotton seed cakes, brewer yeast, grain legume pods, brewers grains, maize and cobs, brewers yeast etc as feed supplements.Fresh formulated feed should be placed in the feeder every day. Irrespective of the kind of forage, grasscutters eat stalks before any other part, the next is the bark of twigs and finally some leaves. This eating habit causes wearing of the animals teeth which unfortunately leads to high forage wastage. The grasscutter does practise coprophagy, when it is hot, water intake is reduced, and when the outdoor temperature is low, the animal drinks much more. (Baptist and Mensah, 1986; Holzer 1986; Holzer et al. 1986; Adjanohoun 1988; Mensah et al. 1986; Mensah 2000). The reason for this rather unexpected behaviour is however not yet fully understood and should be a subjected for further research. Water Consumption: This is determined by an environmental factor (the quantity of water in the atmosphere) low temperature and less forage leads to high rate of water been consumed, and vice versa. HEALTH AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT Preventive measures In order to prevent grasscutter from diseases, the following principles must be adhered to strictly: Only healthy stock should be acquired. Grasscutter should not be raised together with other types of animals in the same building. Rats and wild birds are agents of diseases and should be kept out of the animal house. Adequate control of temperature, humidity and ventilation in the animal house should be maintained. Keep the house (within and outside) clean. Feeding and water troughs should be washed regularly. Restrict movement of visitors in and out of the house. Isolate any sick animal from the group. Any dead animal should be removed immediately. Feed nutritionally balanced diet. Observation and proper records can also be of help. Significant Diseases of Grasscutter Enterotoxaemia: This is caused by bacterium Clostridium perfrigens. The organism produces toxins which are absorbed into the circulatory system of grasscutter causing mortality. Vaccine against this condition is available. Antibiotics can be used for treatment. Coccidiosis: This is caused by organism of the Eimeria family. Symptom of the disease includeà diarrhea and prostration. Drugs for treatment are available. Staphylococcaemia: This is caused by a bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus. Most of the signs of this disease are seen at post mortem but discharges from the nostrils and vagina could be seen. Antibiotics are also employed in its treatment. Pneumonia: This is caused by a bacterium, Diplococcus pneumonia and it is prevalent during the cold weather. Aspiration pneumonia could also occur through the inhalation of feed dust. Worm infestation and Ectoparasites like ticks can also affect grasscutter Influence of Grasscutter Production on Sustainable Agricultural Production in Nigeria Grasscutter can serve as a source of food or protein, as the meat of grasscutter can be compared favourably with those of domesticated livestock species. According to Olomu et al. (2003) grasscutter had the highest protein content and lowest fat of 22.7% and 4.2% respectively when compared with rabbit 21.0% and 6.5%; chicken 19.2% and 6.1% and pig with 15.1% CP and 31.0% fat . The meat is also preferred for its tenderness and taste. It can also serve as source of income and employment, as one can depend on grasscutter for his livelihood. In fact, grasscutter can provide job opportunities for both urban and rural dwellers who can be engaged in various aspects of grasscutter production like rearing, processing, transporting, cold storing, hutches building and marketing of grasscutter products. Pancreas of grasscutter is believed to have high concentration of insulin which is a good material in the pharmaceutical company for the local preparations in the treatment of diabetes. Recommendations Government, Non-Governmental agencies and religious bodies can help to organize training in grasscutter production in order to eradicate idleness and hopelessness in the country. Financial crises and crime rates can be reduced in the country when larger citizen especially the unemployed are self employed through grasscutter production. The government should establish a national grasscutter Program with the broad aim of boosting grasscutter production in Nigeria. Grasscutter keepers should also organize themselves into cooperatives where they can have access to some loans and subsidies. Marketing of grasscutter and their products need to be promoted to sustain the economic initiative of the producers. Unemployed youths can be motivated by government, Non-Governmental agencies and religious bodies by training them and making funds available to them. Conclusion Grasscutter production can provide impoverished urban population and the poor rural dwellers the opportunities to meet part of their total protein intake and earn additional income. The grasscutter can be a potential money-spinner if properly managed. In order to achieve this, government, Non-governmental agencies, academics, individuals and planners will have to prepare a well-coordinated action plan to promote grasscutter production. Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-43862244687740247342020-01-18T14:08:00.001-08:002020-01-18T14:08:02.643-08:00End of Life Peace Without PainEnd of Life: Peace without Pain Jacqueline R. Reviel Loyola University New Orleans End of Life Peace without Pain Pain management during end of life care is crucial to the comfort and peace of the patient and their family. ââ¬Å"With better pain control, dying patients live longer and better. Pain shortens life. Relief of pain extends lifeâ⬠(Zerwekh et al. , 2006, p. 317). The nurse must educate about (a) disease pathology, (b) signs & symptoms, (c) interventions, (d) medications, (e) alternative therapies, and (f) supportive care, related to end of life care. Pain management involves understanding the pharmacological issues, and management issues surrounding opioid drugs used for pain control. The identification of (a) nursing diagnosis, (b) implementation, and (c) education are essential in keeping the patient and family comfortable and at peace. Pathology, Signs and Symptoms End of life presents with specific pathology which can cause extreme pain and discomfort. The bodyââ¬â¢s organs begin to shut down as death approaches hypoventilation causes hypoxemia and hypercapnia in turn increasing the workload of the heart as it tries to oxygenate the vital organs. The kidneys and liver begin to fail and toxins begin to build up. The heart fails as it canââ¬â¢t keep up with the demand. Zerwekh (2006) lists specific signs and symptoms associated with death (a) reduced level of consciousness, (b) taking no fluids or only sips, (c) decreased urine output, (d) progressing coldness and mottling in legs and arms, (e) irregular labored breathing; periods of no breathing, and (f) the death rattle. Diagnosis & Interventions Diagnoses related to end of life care are (a) Ineffective tissue perfusion, (b) Alteration in comfort, (c) Activity intolerance, (d) Impaired gas exchange; (e) Ineffective breathing patterns, and (f) Decreased cardiac output. Interventions are attached to each diagnosis and a plan of care is established for the patient. Interventions for alternation in comfort include (a) spiritual, (b) pharmacological, and (c) alternative methods. Ineffective tissue perfusion involves (a) positioning, (b) O2, and (c) fluid management. Activity intolerance is managed by pacing periods of activity with rest. Impaired gas exchange is managed by decreasing fluid shifts with medication. Ineffective airway clearance is helped by (a) positioning and (b) suctioning to clear the airway. Disturbed thought processes interventions are (a) reorient the patient, (b) supporting family, and (c) visitors at times when the patient is most alert. Interventions are tailored specially to the patientââ¬â¢s needs and their disease process. Pain management ââ¬Å"Dying does not need to be painfulâ⬠(Moynihan et al. , 2003 p. 401). Holistic pain management is crucial during end of life care. Terminally ill patients can have (a) physical, (b) spiritual and (c) emotional pain. Providing comfort is important in decreasing suffering. Emotional pain can be addressed by (a) laughter, (b) memories, and (c) touch. Spiritual pain can be helped with (a) prayer, (b) meditation, (c) talking, (d) listening, (e) pastoral care, and (f) providing the last rights. Physical pain is managed pharmacologically and with alternative comfort measures. Opioids are given to treat severe pain at the end of life. Parlow (2005) used nitrous oxide to control incident pain in terminally ill patients with positive results. Pharmacological issue related to pain management Pharmacological issues surrounding pain management are (a) issues of addiction under medication, (b) legal repercussions, (c) respiratory effects, and (d) side effects. Zerwekh (2006) sums up the fallacy of addiction by stating persons with addiction take their opioids to escape life, whereas persons with pain take their opioids to live life more fully. These issues and lack of knowledge often cause Physicians to under medicate during end of life care. The nurse needs to have full understanding of how opioids work and how to adjust the medications to control severe pain and break though pain without entering into (a) legal issues, (b) respiratory depression and (c) side effects. Complementary and alternative therapies Along with the pharmacological methods to keep the patient comfortable there are many alternative method the nurse can use and teach the family to assist with; giving the family the gift of caring for their loved one and feeling like they are helping. The patient also benefits from the touch and interaction from his or her loved ones. Therapies such as (a) massage, (b) therapeutic touch, (c) guided imagery, (d) aromatherapy, (e) hypnosis and (f) relaxation, are just a few alternative therapies used. Supportive nursing care Often when a family member is dying their loved ones do not know what to say or do and often feel helpless. While providing care for the patient the nurse engages the family in the care and breaks down the fear that they canââ¬â¢t touch the dying patient. The nurse encourages the family to (a) gather, (b) share, and (c) grieve. The family and patient are educated to end of life care so they know what to expect and can recognize it. By giving the family these skills it is a gift so the family has time to say goodbye and to spend the last days in peace not in fear and chaos. The nurse manages symptoms so the patient and the family can concentrate on each other. Oââ¬â¢Brien (2011) stated one of the best ways of providing spiritual support in this situation is to allow the patient and family to verbalize their feelings; for the dying person ââ¬Å"one of the greatest spiritual giftsâ⬠a nurse can give is to listen (Burns, 1991, p. 1). Patient & Family education Education gives the patient and the family great power and strength to face the path ahead and not be fearful of the process. Discussion around key information such as (a) the patientââ¬â¢s wishes, (b) spiritual care, (c) visitation, (d) pain control, (e) disease process, (f) multi organ failure, (g) specific signs and symptoms, (h) interventi ons that can be provided, (i) interventions the patient may not want, (j) comfort care, and (k) funeral arrangements, must take place with the patient and their family. Patients may believe that pain is to be expected and education informing them that comfort will bring them quality time to spend with their loved ones and to not suffer in silences is vital. Encouraging the family to (a) hold their love ones hand, (b) stroke hair, (c) massage, and (d) talk to them until they take their last breath, is all education the nurse encourages. The nursesââ¬â¢ role is to (a) support, (b) pray and (c) answer question that might arise. Conclusion Caring for patients as they die involves (a) a great deal of knowledge, (b) compassion, and (c) caring, on the nurseââ¬â¢s part. Effective pain management decreases suffering in the terminally ill patient and can make all the difference in how the patient arrives at the end of life. The nurse must be versed and comfortable with the many issues surrounding end of life care so she or he can advocate for the needs of the patient and their family. The nurseââ¬â¢s role in (a) educating, (b) providing spiritual care, and (c) physiological care, to the patient and their family during this very important and stressful time plays a huge part in the comfort and peace that they experience as they journey down the path of loss and grieving. References Moynihan, T. J. (2003). Use of opioids in the treatment os severe pain in terminally ill patients-Dying should not be painful. Mayo Clin Proc. , 1397-1401. O'Brien, M. E. (2011). Spirituality in nursing: Standing on holy ground. Sudbury, MA: Jones ; Barlett Learning. Parlow, J. L. (2005). Self-administered nitrous oxide for the management of incident pain in the terminally ill patient: A blind case series. Palliative Medicine, 19: 3-8. Zerwekh, J. V. (2006). Nursing care at the end of life: Palliative care for patients and families. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company. LOYOLA UNIVERSITY NEW ORLEANS NURS 384: End-of-Life Issues Paper Student: _Jackie Reviel__________________________Semester:_Fall__Year:_2011__ Directions: The purpose of this paper is to examine end-of-life issues. Write a 4-5 page paper on one of the topics that are suggested in your syllabus. Focus the paper on the care of the terminally-ill patient; education of patient and family, and supportive nursing care. Use ast least 4 references (current text and articles) for this assignment and format paper in APA style. Criteria: End-of-Life Issues Paper| Max. Points| Score| 1. Describes terminal Illness. Include pathology and signs and symptoms| 15| | 2. Identify palliative care/interventions associated with illness| 15| | 3. Address pharmacological issues related to terminal illness| 10| | 4. Address complementary and alternative therapies | 15| | 5. Describe supportive nursing care related to terminal Illness. | 15| | 6. Discuss at least 5 nursing diagnosis taken from those listed in the North American Diagnosis Association. 15| | 7. Provide key information to be discussed with patients ; families on terminal illness. | 15| | Total Comments: Faculty Signature: _______________________________Date:_______________________ LOYOLA UNIVERSITY NEW ORLEANS Evaluation of Communication Skills Student: ________________________________Semester: ____Year: _____ Skill in communication is defined as the ability to: (a) effectively express ideas through a variety of media, (b) use communication technology to enhance personal and professional functioning, and (c) use the group process for the purpose of achieving common goals. Note: Your grade on Communication Skills will comprise 10% of your final course grade. You will be rated using a scale of 0-10, where ââ¬Å"0â⬠indicates no credit and ââ¬Å"10â⬠indicates maximum credit for the item indicated. | Writing Criteria: Nursing Research Critique Paper | Score| 1. Use appropriate language and erminology. | | 2. Use correct sentence structure and paragraphing. | | 3. Use correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation. | | 4. Demonstrate knowledge of relevant content areas. | | 5. Express ideas clearly and convincingly. | | 6. Organize ideas logically. | | 7. Use APA format correctly. | | 8. Overall effectiveness of the written work in meeting identified goals. | | Communication Skills: Pt s earned (_____)/ 80 pts = _____% Letter Grade:____ Percent of Final Course Grade: [Pts earned (____)/ 80 pts =___%] X 10 = ____% Comments: Faculty Signature:____________________________________Date:______________ Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-61103892422886479042020-01-10T10:32:00.001-08:002020-01-10T10:32:03.785-08:00Limitations and Criticisms of the Adlerian Theory EssayADLERIAN Limitations and Criticisms of the Adlerian Theory Adler chose to teach and practice over getting organized and presenting a well- defined systematic theory, making his written presentations difficult to follow. More research needed to support the effectiveness of the theory. Limited use for clients seeking immediate solutions to their problems and unwilling to explore childhood experiences, early memories, and dreams. One of its strengths is that it is a therapy for everyone in the society and its practitioners do mind about what kind of generation is coming that will inherit in a comprehensive ecological sense and one of its weaknesses has been fairly an amazing amount of family gathering and lifestyle information that is typically collected. Advantages of Adlerian Theory It can be used for numerous issues and disorders. Uses encouragement. It is phenomenological. it does not consider people to be predisposed to anything. Applicable to diverse populations and presenting issues Disadvantages of Adlerian Theory Difficult to learn (e.g., making dream interpretations) Works best with highly verbal and intelligent clients. This might leave out many people who do not fit that category. Might be too lengthy for managed care. Adlerians do not like to make diagnoses PSYCHOANALYSIS Two Strengths One of the strengths of the Psychodynamic Approach is that it provided a valuable insight into how early experiences or relationships can affect our adult personality. One of the examples of this is that fixations can be caused at the Oral Stage of psychosexual development such as being separated from the primary caregiver too early or having feeding difficulties. These fixations can then lead to psychological problems centred round eating or drinking. Supporting evidence for this strength was carried out by Jacobs atà al (1966) using Rorschach inkblots to compare the orality of smokers and non-smokers. It was found that smokers emerged as being significantly more oral. Another strength of the Psychodynamic Approach is that it is the first approach to try and attempt to explain mental illness in psychological terms and has had an enormous influence on the understand and treatment of mental disorders. An example of this is Psychoanalysis and Dream Therapy which aims to make the unconscious material conscious so it is easier to deal with as Freud believed that dreams showed our hidden thoughts and wishes. Evidence to support this was carried out by Sandell (1999) who studied the symptoms of 756 patients before and after three years or state-funded psychoanalysis and found that patients had significantly fewer symptoms after the therapy. Two weaknesses One of the weaknesses of the Psychodynamic Approach is that most of Freudââ¬â¢s is based on findings of case studies, single individual where cases are often unique and there are problems with generalization. Another weakness of the Psychodynamic Approach is that Freud did not take into account cultural variations. Most of his research was done on white, middle class people. Every class and culture of people have differ ways and values, so his findings cannot be generalized to all cultures. 11 Strengths of Psychoanalysis 1)Offers an in-depth perspective (i.e., transference, countertransference) that emphasizes exploring the origins of psychopathology 2)The focus on developmental considerations 3)Most of the models address sexuality (except self psychology, which sees sexuality as a drive derivativeââ¬âsecondary to narcissistic concerns). 4)Freud brought gender issues to the fore with notion of ââ¬Å"penis envyâ⬠. 5) The notion of ââ¬Å"repetition compulsionâ⬠transcends theory, often drawn by several models as a central concept. 6)Gabbardââ¬âMany people do not respond to medications or brief therapyââ¬âSome people want to derive deeper meaning about themselves beyond symptom reduction. 7) The notion of ââ¬Å"unconsciousâ⬠begins to explain behavior that we are unaware of. 8) There is biological research that supports some of Freudââ¬â¢s claims (ââ¬Å"divided brainâ⬠studies). 9)The focus on relationship (particularly by object relations) 10)Self psychology understands psychopathology in terms of ââ¬Å"dysregulation statesâ⬠, which has been confirmed through neurobiological literature. 11)The universality of defense mechanisms and their use across theories. 6 Weaknesses of psychoanalysis: 1)Psychoanalytic jargon serves to confuse rather than clarify concepts. 2)Some of the ideas (penis envy, Oedipus) are outdated in terms of our contemporary world, and it is questioned by some theorists/practitioners whether these concepts are clinically useful. 3) The approach lacks a theory of interventionââ¬ânot enough focus on technique. 4)The exclusive focus on the past can lead to ââ¬Å"analysis paralysisâ⬠5)The theory only provides a piece of the pieââ¬âoften neglecting biological, cultural, and social considerations 6)Too many patients (perhaps psychotic, borderline) are not considered appropriate for psychoanalysis. Person centeret (itouch) Existentialism The therapist Function and role The existential therapist is primarily concerned with understanding the subjective world of the client and how to help them come to a new understanding and option. The therapy focuses on the clientââ¬â¢s current life situations. Existential therapist uses various methods for different clients and different methods at different phases of the therapeutic One of the strengths of the existential therapy is their ability to enable clients to examine the degree to which their behavior is influenced by family, cultural, social conditioning. If personal needs cannot be satisfied or personal goal cannot be realized in interpersonal relations, one may experience frustration, anxiety, or depression (Chen, 2009). Limitations for multicultural counseling One of the limitations of the existential therapy in the area of multicultural populations is that they are excessively individualistic andà ignores the social factors that cause humans problems. Even though clients change internally, the social factors and environmental circumstances such as racism, discrimination and oppression severely restrict their ability to influence the direction of their lives. An example is an African American client who comes from the ghetto and the existential therapist consistently tells the client that he or she has a choice in making his or her life better, when in reality he or she does not. . Reality therapy (iotuch other) According to most experts, the main advantages of reality therapy relate to the way it focuses clients directly on solutions to their problems. Reality therapists tend to avoid too much focus on internal issues and things in a personââ¬â¢s past, preferring instead to deal with things that are happening in the present. According to some, the strength of reality therapy can also be its weakness. Some people feel that reality therapists donââ¬â¢t have enough focus on how internal issues and things in a personââ¬â¢s memory can affect present-day behavior, potentially leaving clients with lingering issues. Additionally, some experts feel that the focus on the consequences of life decisions may make patients feel like they are being blamed for their problems, which could be counter-productive. Reality therapy is generally all about identifying problems, making plans to solve them, and then doing what is necessary to keep clients focused on implementing the plans. In this sense, it is a therapeutic method much more focused on solutions than causes. There may be some attention paid to the reason why a person has a problem, but only as much as is necessary to figure out a workable solution. This focus on plans and solving of problems is sometimes seen as a weakness because experts worry that the focus on psychological issues as a consequence of behavior may make patients feel like failures, potentially hurting their self-esteem. REBT Another criticism is that this technique would be easy to practice poorly and since the approach is loose, it would be easy to get off track. Some people would even say that all the talking and ââ¬Å"disputingâ⬠could be better spent ââ¬Å"doingâ⬠something about the problems. For people who donââ¬â¢t like to talk, this would probably not be the best approach. if the client does not want toà be an active participant in changing the way he/she thinks, this method would not be a good fit. Or even if a client is already very skilled in self-reflection, this might be a less useful approach. As for advantages or strengths, REBT is a drug-free approach for people looking for solutions in changing the way they think, not using drug therapy. The results are seen relatively quickly because of the emphasis on the present. The therapist does not need to delve into every bad thing that ever happened. He/she needs to look at a few activating situations and do exercises about how to change your thinking about these events. another advantage is that once a person becomes well-versed in the technique, he/she can use it anytime if the negative or irrational beliefs appear. When a person is skilled at the technique, there may not be a need to go to a therapist every time. but hard work is the only way to feel better and continue to feel better about yourself. So, we must do the work on a daily basis to help us understand our behavior. Behavioral Therapy Strength It has a wide variety of empirically supported techniques used by behavioral therapists. Another upside to behavior therapy is itââ¬â¢s availability to a broad spectrum of individuals. the efficiency of behavior therapy has allowed for the patientââ¬â¢s complaints to be addressed more quickly than other forms of psychotherapy. Behavior therapy focuses on techniques to address current problems, instead of trying to get to the internal root of the problem through years of intense therapy or looking through the patientââ¬â¢s long history. LIMITATIONS behavior therapy has, over the years, sculpted many of their techniques and methods from clinician experience, which is far from the empirical support they claim to have. One of the more serious criticisms that behavior therapy has received it that it is dehumanizing. Behavior therapy is also said to lack the promotion of internal growth in its clients. Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-37916279185080253682020-01-02T06:55:00.001-08:002020-01-02T06:55:04.709-08:00What Is Capillary Action Definition and Examples Capillary action definition: Capillary action describes the spontaneous flow of a liquid into a narrow tube or porous material. This movement does not require the force of gravity to occur. In fact, it often acts in opposition to gravity. Capillary action is sometimes called capillary motion, capillarity, or wicking. Examples of capillary action include the uptake of water in paper and plaster (two porous materials), the wicking of paint between the hairs of a paintbrush, and the movement of water through sand. Capillary action is caused by the combination cohesive forces of the liquid and the adhesive forces between the liquid and tube material. Cohesion and adhesion are two types of intermolecular forces. These forces pull the liquid into the tube. In order for wicking to occur, a tube needs to be sufficiently small in diameter. History Capillary action was first recorded by Leonardo da Vinci. Robert Boyle performed experiments on capillary action in 1660, noting a partial vacuum had no effect on the height a liquid could obtain via wicking. A mathematical model of the phenomenon was presented by Thomas Young and Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1805. Albert Einsteins first scientific paper in 1900 was about capillarity. See Capillary Action Yourself An excellent easy demonstration of capillary action is done by placing a celery stalk in water. Color the water with food coloring and observe the progress of the dye up the celery stalk. The same process may be used to color white carnations. Trim the bottom of a carnation stem to make sure it can absorb water. Place the flower in dyed water. The color will migrate via capillary action all the way to the flower petals. A less dramatic but more familiar example of capillary action is the wicking behavior of a paper towel used to wipe up a spill. Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-84382147727277571692019-12-25T03:22:00.001-08:002019-12-25T03:22:04.005-08:00Social Reconstruction And Education A Philosophy Focused... Social Reconstruction Education Social reconstruction is a philosophy focused on achieving social change. As a practice, it strives to achieve social justice and equity by altering the various social systems upon which society rests. It is based upon two major understandings; first, that society tends to develop systems that marginalize and oppress others and thus need to change, and second, that achieving this change requires both creating a system that serves as a change agent and is open to changing itââ¬â¢s own purposes and structures as the social contexts in which it exists naturally evolve. Since we live in a world of seemingly endless and diverse challenges, and since educational systems and schools are one of the primary means by which we develop understanding and skills related to functioning in society, social reconstruction requires that social reform serve as the primary goal of every studentââ¬â¢s education. As an educational philosophy, educational institutions at all levels are viewed as the main means by which students are prepared to reconstruct the systems through which inequality and the oppression and marginalization of other people occur. 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Corporate social responsibilityâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ ApplicationRead MoreEssay on The Civil Rights Movement4776 Words à |à 20 Pagesdifferent schools where black children would have classes in shabby classrooms with poor, secondhand supplies. These are just a few examples of some of the many racial discriminations which blacks once had to face in America prior to the 1960s. Change, however, was on the horizon. The urbanization of the South, the impact of television and radio, the desegregated armed forces, and other factors began to blur the distinctions between geographic regions. This all set the stage for the decade ofRead MoreEmergency Management Essay18946 Words à |à 76 Pageshydrologic processes are unfolding as they have for millennia, beginning long before humans occupied the earth and continuing to the present. 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(Definitions of sustainability often refer to the three pillars of social, environmental and economic sustainability) (A representation of sustainabilityRead MoreWomen in Law Enforcement3461 Words à |à 14 PagesVII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, bestowed on women the right to enter the market place in occupations ordinarily earmarked for men. However, they have yet to obtain and secure equal opportunities in the field of law enforcement. While these changes in law and policy appeared to be advancements for women-and indeed provided them with paper equality in reality Title VII did not bring about much advancement for women or minorities in law enforcement (Brown, 2000). Indeed, times have changed Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-78319673318850939782019-12-16T23:12:00.001-08:002019-12-16T23:12:03.948-08:00Human Sex Trafficking - 1919 Words An ounce of cocaine wholesale: $1,200. But you can only sell it once. A woman or child: $50 to $1,000. But you can sell them each day, every day, over and over again. The markup is immeasurable. This quote from the 2005 Lifetime film Human Trafficking, however chilling and horrifying, is true. Human trafficking is the commercial trade of human beings who are subjected to involuntary acts such as begging, sexual exploitation, or involuntary servitude. Human trafficking is an umbrella term used to describe all forms of modern-day slavery. No longer is this a term from the past, but a horrific reality in our present and, unfortunately, our future. Every 10 minutes, a woman or child is forced into labor (McGill 12). Even though we live inâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦They are sold by pimps for sex, and the sexual exploiters (or johns) are often given wide latitude in how they treat the victims. Some pimps even allow johns to murder the women and girls for an additional temporary sexual rush. The Lifetime movie, Human Trafficking, give many disturbing but accurate examples as to how people are lured into forced labor. Throughout the film, there are stories of five girls forced into prostitution. First is Helena from Czechoslovakia. Helena is brought to Vienna by a handsome stranger who says he wants to marry her, and then sells her to traffickers. Second is Nadia from the Ukraine. A modeling agency recruits her and brings her to the U.S. where they turn against her and force her into prostitution. Third is Annie from the U.S. While vacationing in the Philippines with her parents, Annie is lured away from her parents and kidnapped. Finally is Jasmine from the Philippines. She is a member of a very poor family and sold to a trafficker by her father. Although these examples are derived from a film, they are excellent examples as to the many ways young women are coerced into forced labor. Recruiting victims is effective when the potential victims family members are inv olved (Bales 44). The traffickers convince the girls to stay and keep their mouths shut by threatening to do serious harm to the victims loved ones. The traffickers know where the victims family lives andShow MoreRelatedSex Trafficking And Human Trafficking Essay1243 Words à |à 5 Pages Human trafficking brings in billions of dollars into the U.S and all around the world. ââ¬Å"The prime motive for such outrageous abuse is simple: money. In this $12 billion global business just one woman trafficked into the industrialized world can net her captors an average $67,000 a yearâ⬠(Baird 2007). The laws around human trafficking are not strict and vary depending on what country it is happening in. Human trafficking is not something that is strictly foreign, itRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Sex Trafficking1264 Words à |à 6 PagesA challenge that I took interest in is the horrifying problem that women and young girls face as victims of human trafficking and sex slavery. Women and young girls make up 98% of victims of trafficking for exploitation. Human trafficking and sex slavery is a form of modern slavery, in which traffickers profit from the control and exploitation of others. It is a multi-billion industry. Traffickers use control of others for the purpose of en gaging in sexual activities and or forcing others to provideRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Human Sex Trafficking1850 Words à |à 8 Pagesof human sex trafficking come to one s mind. The United States of America is not immune to this type of horrific behavior. America is the land of the free and yet something as awful as human sex trafficking occurs in our very own backyard each and everyday. According to the Department of Homeland Security the definition of human trafficking is ââ¬Å"modern day slavery that involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex actâ⬠(ââ¬Å"What Is Human Trafficking?â⬠)Read MoreHuman Trafficking: Sex1879 Words à |à 8 Pagesnow call it ââ¬Å"Human traffickingâ⬠. Human trafficking is considered one of the fastest growing criminal industries today, while there is not an exact number of how many people are being trafficked in the United States, the Polaris project for a world without slaves writes, The U.S. government and academic researchers are currently working on an up-to-date estimate of the total number of trafficked persons in the United States annually. With 100,000 children estimated to be in the sex trade in theRead MoreSex and Human Trafficking1970 Words à |à 8 PagesSex Trafficking Throughout the 21st century, the number of human beings being capture and put into sex trafficking and prostitution has risen. In 2013, about 270,000 young boys, girls, and women were forced into human trafficking in the United States alone and estimated 20.9 million in the world. The UN has also estimated that nearly 4,000,000 are trafficked each year. UNICEF has estimated that as many as 50% of all trafficking victims worldwide are minors and that as many as two thirds of thoseRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The Trade Of Human Sex Trafficking Essay958 Words à |à 4 Pages10 countries in the region introduced new anti-trafficking laws or modified old ones. The United Nations has also picked up the fight against ending all forms of modern slavery including human sex trafficking. The U.N implemented the a protocol that focuses on ââ¬Å"(1) prevention and combat of trafficking persons, paying particular attention to women and children; (2) to protect and assist the victims of such tr afficking, with full respect for their human rights; and (3) to promote cooperation among StatesRead MoreChild Sex Trafficking And Human Trafficking1096 Words à |à 5 PagesChild Sex Trafficking Have you ever walked into Wal-Mart and taken the time to look at the numerous pictures of missing youth that is plastered on the wall? When looking at how long they have been missing, it ranges anywhere from months to years. Looking at their age, both boys and girls, itââ¬â¢s hard not to wonder if they have been kidnapped and are being trafficked. Child sex trafficking also known as human trafficking is a major issue that is not only plaguing the United States, but alsoRead MoreHuman Sex Trafficking Of Houston1043 Words à |à 5 PagesHUMAN SEX TRAFFICKING Topic: Human sex trafficking in Houston Organization: Problem/Problem/solution Specific purpose: I would like my audience to understand that we live in Texas and are not very far from Houston and that Houston is one of the most intense human sex trafficking regions in the country. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: ââ¬Å"Houston is a great city known internationally for energy, medical center, great food and Human sex trafficking. Picture this, there was this girl who fell involveRead MoreSex Trafficking Is The Trade Of Humans Essay1267 Words à |à 6 PagesSex Traffickingà à à à à à à à Sex trafficking is the trade of humans, most commonly for the purpose of sexual slavery, forced labor, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others. This may encompass providing a spouse in the context of forced marriage, or the extraction of organs or tissues, including for surrogacy and ova removal.Sex trafficking is a very dangerous thing to be going on in this world.à Human trafficking can occur within a country or trans-nationally. The Metro-AtlantaRead MoreProstitution And Human Sex Trafficking1291 Words à |à 6 Pagesright to rule over their own body. Prostitution, the exchanging of sexual services for payment, has been specifically outlawed by the State of New York. This direct targeting of the sex trade within New York leaves many people unprotected under the law, both in consensual prostitution and nonconsensual human sex trafficking, while greatly eliminating the potential tax revenue that would be generated. Prostitution , when involving consenting adults, is a victimless crime and when criminalized, it forces Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-62822796757082855662019-12-08T19:54:00.001-08:002019-12-08T19:54:04.837-08:00Pt Chevron Pacific Indonesia and Hsbc free essay sample Summary This case study report describes a research on two large organizations namely PT Chevron Pacific Indonesia and HSBC in relation to their approaches to managing workforce diversity. The goal of this report was to identify workforce diversity theory and its advantages and disadvantages of managing workforce diversity. It also aims to analyse two organizations approaches to managing workforce diversity and evaluate advantages and disadvantages of the organizationsââ¬â¢ approaches based on workforce diversity theory. The report concludes that workforce diversity is one of the primary concerns for most of the businesses; therefore, managing diversity is an important element of management in todayââ¬â¢s organisation. Workforce diversity could lead the company into chaos. However, if the company is able to manage it with good approaches, it could be a competitive advantage for the company. There are some approaches that the company use to manage the diversity in their workplace. As it is stated on the research part, Chevron and HSBC manage their workforce diversity with different approaches. Yet, there are also advantages and disadvantages in each approach. The advantages are such as an increase in their productivity, maximizing their workers potential, and employee affinity groups have grown rapidly. On the other hands, the disadvantages are such as an increase in the cost of training, a conflict between a major and minor group, and also a tense working environment between their workers. Hence, in order to gain benefits from the diversity, every organization has to manage it effectively. Table of Contents 1Introduction1 1. 1Background1 1. 2The objectives of the report1 . 3Layout of the report1 1. 4Conclusion drawn from the research2 2Workforce diversity2 2. 1Definition of workforce diversity2 2. 2Approaches to Managing Diversity2 2. 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Workforce Diversity3 2. 4Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Approaches to Managing Diversity3 3Identification and analysis of organization4 3. 1About the 1st organisation4 3. 2The approaches to managi ng workforce diversity5 3. 3 Advantages and disadvantages experienced6 4Identification and analysis of organization 26 4. 1 About the 2nd organisation6 4. The approaches to managing workforce diversity7 4. 3 Advantages and disadvantages experienced8 5Conclusions8 Reference List10 1Introduction 1. 1Background Nowadays, the change and diversity in the workforce and organisational environment has been increasing (Oââ¬â¢Leary Weathington, 2006; Waddel, Devine, Jones George, 2007; McMahon, 2010). Consequently, this has led to the emergence of diversity management which has become important issue for todayââ¬â¢s organisations. It is believed that managing diversity can have positive effects toward organisationââ¬â¢s performance. Regarding this issue, there is an attempt to explore diversity management in todayââ¬â¢s organisations by conducting research on two large organisations and describing the research result in this case-study report. Furthermore, this case-study report is also carried out as one of the assignments in MMM132- Management subject. 1. 2The objectives of the report The purpose of this report is first to identify workforce diversity theory and its advantages and disadvantages of managing workforce diversity. Then, this report examines two large organisations namely, PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia and HSBC, which have ways to manage their organisationââ¬â¢s diverse workforce. Furthermore, this report also analyses both organisationsââ¬â¢ approaches to managing workforce diversity, describing benefits and drawbacks each organisation has experienced with its diversity management strategies. 1. 3Layout of the report This report consists of four (4) main parts. The first part gives a brief description of workforce diversity and its benefits and drawbacks of managing workforce diversity for todayââ¬â¢s organisations. After that, this report describes the identification and analysis of the first organisation in relation to its approaches to managing workforce diversity, including any advantages and disadvantages experienced. In the third part, it explains the identification and analysis of the second organisation in relation to their approaches to managing workforce diversity, including advantages and disadvantages experienced. Finally, summary of the main findings from the research of both organisations will be in the conclusion. 1. 4Conclusion drawn from the research The research found that a diverse workforce is one of the primary concerns for most of the businesses; therefore, managing diversity is an important element of management in todayââ¬â¢s organisation. Managing workforce diversity can be done by using some difference approaches, yet there are also advantages and disadvantages in each approach. In other words, workforce diversity could lead the company into chaos. However, if the company is able to manage it with good approaches, it could be a competitive advantage for the company. Finally, the rest of the detailed results of this research will be discussed in each section of the following. 2Workforce diversity 2. 1Definition of workforce diversity What is workforce diversity? Generally, workforce diversity refers to the way in which people in a workforce are similar and different from one another. To be specific, Thomas and Cox (1991, cited in Panaccio Waxin 2010, p. 54) define diversity, in business terms, as a set of differences of individual traits including socio demographic variables and professional variables, which can be found in an organisationââ¬â¢s various levels. For example, Waddel et al (2007) see diversity as differences among people in age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic background and capabilities/disabilities. Schwind, Das, and Wagar, (2007, cited in PanaccioWaxin 2010) categorise those differences by Waddel et al as core dimensions of diversity. Moreover, Schwind, Das, and Wagar (2007 cited in PanaccioWaxin 2010) also add secondary dimensions of diversity which include education, status, language, income levels, etc. Nevertheless, McMahon (2010), Burgess, French and Strachan (2010, p. 8) argue that diversity itself remains an unclear concept. 2. 2Approaches to Managing Diversity There are many approaches to managing diversity. According to Burgess, French, and Strachan (2010), there are two main approaches to managing diversity, namely ââ¬Ëproductive diversityââ¬â¢ which is based on business case for diversity management and ââ¬Ëvaluing diversityââ¬â¢ which is based on human resource or organisational development approach. However, Oââ¬â¢Leary and Weathington (2006) believe that organisations must go beyond the business case for diversity management if they want to use the existing diversity effectively. In addition, according to Das (1998, cited in Panaccio and Waxin 2010), there are 4 steps in managing diversity. They are the identification of current and ideal future state, the analysis of present systems and procedures, the changing of policies, procedures, and practices, and the evaluation of results and follow-up. Furthermore, there are 4 essential features in the third step. They are senior management commitment, establishment of a diversity committee, education and training, and finally wide communication of changes (Das, 1998, cited in Panaccio and Waxin, 2010). Waddel et al (2007) also agree with Das (1998, cited in Panaccio and Waxin, 2010) about senior management commitment as one important element for successful diversity management. 2. 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Workforce Diversity It is believed that there are many benefits of a diverse workforce. Waddel et al (2007), Panaccio and Waxin (2010) suggest that the advantages of workforce diversity are that it can give better service to diverse customers as well as can provide good image and credibility of the organisation. In addition, differences can also increase productivity, provide a wider range of creativity, facilitate innovation, improve coorperation and enable resolution of problems (Oââ¬â¢Leary Weathington, 2006; Waddel et al, 2007; Burgess, French Stratchan, 2010; Panaccio Waxin, 2010). However, it is also found that a diverse workforce can have negative effects on how organisational members interact and perform. For instance, Oââ¬â¢Leary and Weathington (2006, p. 3) state that diversity can increase interpersonal conflict, reduce workgroup cohesiveness, have lower levels of commitment and less interpersonal communication, and have fewer innovations. . 4Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Approaches to Managing Diversity Business approach to managing diversity has both benefits and drawbacks. The advantages of business approach are that it can increase productivity and gain competitive advantage, through the utilisation of the different talents and abilities, including skills of diverse individuals (Oââ¬â¢ Leary Weathington, 2006; Burgess, French Stratchan, 2010). Another advantage is that it can also result in cost savings (Oââ¬â¢ Leary Weathington, 2006). However, as suggested by Oââ¬â¢ Leary and Weathington (2006, p. ) business case approach can lead to marginalisation of minority employees hired to represent ââ¬Ëtheirââ¬â¢ group to appeal to others of ââ¬Ëtheir kindââ¬â¢. This means that business case has limited approach to promoting diversity. Further, Burgess, French and Strachan (2010) add that thebusiness case for managing diversity is acknowledged to offer a narrow approachto achieving equity. Another approach involves the valuing of difference. It is believed that the advantage of this approach is that the acknowledgement of the changes required to cultural, political, and structural system within organizations (Burgess, French Strachan, 2010, p. 2). It means that this approach becomes proactive end of equal opportunit y because it sees differences between people in terms of their treatment and experiences at work based on their social group membership (Burgess, French Strachan, 2010, p. 83). Nevertheless, limitation of using this approach is that any changewill be extremely slow, with no guarantee that the major changes required toworkplace systems can or will actually take place (Burgess, French Strachan, 2010, p. 83). 3Identification and analysis of organization 3. About the 1st organisation The first organisation is Chevron. To be specific, the name is PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia (CPI). Chevron is a local unit of US energy giant Chevron Corporation. As one of the worldââ¬â¢s largest integrated energy companies, Chevron conduct the business all around the globe, including in Indonesia. In fact, Chevron is Indonesiaââ¬â¢s largest oil producer. PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia (CPI) was formerly known as PT. Caltex Pacific Indonesia. Chevron is a major partner in Indonesiaââ¬â¢s economy and an active member of the community. Chevronââ¬â¢s operation in Indonesia help make Chevron the largest producer of geothermal energy in the world. As a global energy company, diversity is very important issue in Chevron, including in CPI. In carrying out its business, Chevron is guided by the Chevron way. The Chevron wayexplains who we are, what we do, what we believe and what we plan to accomplish. Itestablishes a common understanding not only for those of us who work here, but for allwho interact with us. According to The Chevron Way (2010), supporting diversity is one of the seven values in Chevron. In fact, the demographic and socio economic changes are effecting diversity management in this company. The change are such as the lengthening of working (age population), the composition of workforce and women in the workforce. Based on The Chevron Way (2010), Chevrongains competitive advantage by giving value and respectingthe uniqueness of individuals and the varied perspectives and talents they provide. In addition, Chevron has an inclusive work environment and actively embrace a diversity of people, ideas, talents and experiences. Diversity and inclusion here mean going beyond acceptance of cultural, ethnic, national and religious differences. Chevron also values and encourages diversity of thought and perspectives. The richness of creative diversity increases the ability to achieve Chevronââ¬â¢s vision, and enhances Chevrons work environment (The Chvron Way, 2010). Therefore, the workforce diversity appears at all levels 3. 2The approaches to managing workforce diversity To manage diversity in general, Chevron uses some approaches. One of the approaches is that Chevron tie managers performance ratings to their hiring of diverse candidates and ensure that our selection teams and candidate slates represent a range of backgrounds including sexual orientation in our nondiscriminatory policies (The Chevron Way, 2010). In addition, Chevron also has project-based and programs such as diversity training, diversity moments, personal diversity action plans and lunch-time diversity learning sessions to ensure that the employees understand our policies and know how inclusion is practiced throughout our company (Chevron, 2007). Being valued for your contribution and treated with respect is an important factor in managing workforce difference in Chevron (The Chevron Way, 2010). Furthermore, in specific case like in CPI, Chevron uses approach that based on Indonesiaââ¬â¢s traditional culture, ââ¬Ëgotong-royongââ¬â¢(meaning offering assistance, sharing burdens and working with others). In this case, the company and its employees have contributed in many ways to education and vocational training, health and human services, and small business and micro-enterprise development (Chevron, 2010) 3. Advantages and disadvantages experienced The benefits experienced by Chevron, including in CPI by using their approaches to managing diversity are numerous. One example is that employee affinity groups have grown rapidly. Approximately 21,000 Chevron employees participate in one or more employeenetworks. These include networks for ethnic minorities, women, the disabled, baby boomers, gays and lesbians, and younger employees. Networks help eliminate barriers, improve communication between employees and cultivate links with the communities where we work. Furthermore, diversity councils exist throughout the company to help promote a work environment in which every employee has the maximum opportunity to contribute to company goals. Several Chevron employees were recognized by the Hispanic Engineer National Achievement Awards Conference for their technical expertise and their community engagement work. The most marketable employees effectively work with people from all walksof life. In this case, inclusion leads to more ideas and better business decisions. When we can attract and retain the best talent, we all benefit by workingwith talented people who are here to stay. When people work well together, it makes for a happier and more productivework environment. Many people find that working in a diverse environment is much more interesting and dynamic because they learn more from people with different perspectives. 4Identification and analysis of organization 2 4. 1 About the 2nd organisation The second organisation is HSBC. It is one of the largest banking and financial services organizations in the world. The HSBC stands for The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, which was named after the founding member and established in 1865 to finance the growing trade between Europe, India and China. The entities, which form the HSBC GROUP, provide a comprehensive range of financial services to personal, commercial, corporate, institutional and investment, and private banking clients. HSBC is a well-known bank around the world, from Asia Pacific, Europe, North America, Latin America, Middle East and Africa. Diversity is a central for HSBC. HSBC believes that employing and managing diverse people give them a more rounded and balanced organization and make them more adaptable to new situations because HSBC is global organization. As a global organization, one of HSBCââ¬â¢s goals in diversity is the need to reach out to all parts of employment and customer markets, existing and potential, for maximum productivity and value. HSBC have a diverse workforce of over 335,000 people and have a diverse customer base of over 100 million. 4. 2 The approaches to managing workforce diversity Dealing with diversity, HSBC manages some approaches in order embed diversity into the values and practices of organization. Some of the approaches are HSBC manage to understand the importance of the each individuals contribution to business success; each individual is a valuable asset for the organization. To deal with the diversity, HSBC also manage their workers to understand the diversity and try to respect it. HSBC maintain to maximizing workers potential and inspiring them. A commitment to diversity helps attract and retain talented staff. HSBC recruit the best people to meet its business priorities and manage the workers to realize their full potential. HSBC focus on the diversity itself in order to discover potential employees and untapped skill. In order to demonstrate their commitment to diversity, HSBC prove it by leadership in words and in actions so that people throughout the organization will be able to learn by example and to understand that it is an integral part of good management practice. By managing diversity through this way, HSBC be able to encourage their workers to give their full potential and inspire their workers in effectively managing diversity, it is all has becomes an advantage for HSBC. Another way HSBC uses to manage diversity effectively is to see the diversity in a positive way as an opportunity to create a better relationship between the employees and customers. By understanding the diversity, HSBC manage their workers to be able to think differently and openly so that they will understand and retain customers. HSBC has to maintain and improve their position in the customers markets that has a lot of different profile and keeps changing; therefore, their understanding of diversity becomes their part of competitive advantage. 4. Advantages and disadvantages experienced HSBC approaches to managing workforce diversity are in many ways. First, HSBC manage to understand individualââ¬â¢s workers contribution and demonstrate their commitment to diversity through proof by leadership. As McMahon (2010, p. 41) suggests, ââ¬Å"organisations can manage diversity effectively by building senior management commitment and accountability with a thorough assessment of the peo pleâ⬠. Hence, by using this approach, HSBC will be able to motivate their workers and discover their full potential and also make a good management practice. HSBC has also another approach which tries to manage their workers to accept the workforce diversity and respect. However, in order to give a lesson for their workers to manage the diversity, it may increase in the cost of training. Henry et al (2007,p. 75) states that ââ¬Å"this increase comes from costs associated with seminars, programs and lectures given to promote diversity in the corporationââ¬â¢. So the company should add more cost for the training. The other approach is HSBC try to see the diversity in a positive way. In this case, McMahon (2010, p. 0) believes that ââ¬Å"rather than as threats to overcome, they should be framed as challenges and opportunitiesâ⬠. As it is stated, by seeing the diversity itself in a positive way, it could be an opportunity for the company to be better with their business strategy. Yet, to see the diversity in a positive way sometimes can be hard and may lead to conflicts. Henry and Evans (2007) also mention that in the case of divers ity, conflicts occur mainly because of ignorance. The conflict is between the majority group and minority group. Conflicts always arise whenever there are certain people could not work together in certain situation. The minority groups often feel less valued due to stereotyping, ethnocentrism and prejudice. Nevertheless, Henry et al (2007) believe that creativity and performance can be increased when conflicts can be managed and controlled. 5Conclusions To sum up, managing diversity is an important element of management in todayââ¬â¢s organisation as workforce diveristy is one of the primary concern for most of the businesses. Workforce diversity could lead the company into chaos. However, if the company is able to manage it with good approaches, it could be a competitive advantage for the company. There are some approaches that the company use to manage the diversity in their workplace, as it is stated on the research part, Chevron and HSBC manage their workforce diversity with different approaches. Chevron manage to hire a differ candidates for their manager team, and in addition, Chevron also has project-based and programs such as diversity training, diversity moments, personal diversity action plans and lunch-time diversity learning sessions. HSBC manage their diversity with understanding the diversity itself and see it in a positive way. Like Chevron, HSBC also hires differ workers and manage to understand the importance of each individualââ¬â¢s contribution. There are some advantages that both organizations experienced such as an increase in their productivity, maximizing their workers potential, and employee affinity groups have grown rapidly. However there are also some disadvantages such as an increase in the cost of training, a conflict between a major and minor group, and also a tense working environment between their workers. In other words, managing workforce diversity can be done by using some difference approaches, yet there are also advantages and disadvantages in each approach. Therefore, in order to gain benefits from the diversity, every organization has to manage it effectively. Reference List Burgess, J ,French, E Strachan, G 2010, ââ¬ËThe Diversity Management Approach to Equal Employment Opportunity in Australian Organisationsââ¬â¢, The Economic and Labour Relations Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 77 ââ¬â 92. Chevron 007, Safety Moment, Diversity Info, retrieved 4 December 2010, Chevron 2010, Indonesia Fact Sheet, Chevron in Indonesia, retrieved 4 December 2010, Henry, et al 2007, ââ¬ËCritical Review of Literature on Workforce Diveristyââ¬â¢, Full Length Research Paper, p. 72-76. HSBC 2010, HSBC Diversity, HSBC holdings plc-2010, retrieved 18 December 2010, HSBC 2010, About HSBC, HSBC holdings plc-2010, retrieved 18 December 2010, McMahon, AM 2010, ââ¬ËDoes Workplace Diversity Ma tter? A Survey of Empirical Studies on Diversity and Firm Performance 2000-09ââ¬â¢, Journal of Diversity Management, Second Quarter, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 37 ââ¬â 48. Oââ¬â¢Leary, BJ Weathington, BL 2006, ââ¬ËBeyond the Business Case for Diversity in Organisationsââ¬â¢, Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, Dec, vol. 18, no. 4, pp 1 ââ¬â 10. Panaccio, A-J , Waxin, M-F 2010, ââ¬ËHRM Case Study: Diversity Management: Facilitating Diversity Through The Recruitment, Selection and Integration of Diverse Employees in A Quebec bankââ¬â¢, Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 53 ââ¬â 66. The Chevron Way 2010, Diversity, Chevron Human Energy, retrieved 4 December 2010, Waddel, Devine, Jones and George, 2007, Contemporary Management, Mc Graw-Hill, Australia Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-79148836846610755952019-12-01T07:36:00.001-08:002019-12-01T07:36:03.083-08:00Learning to Conquer a Fear free essay sample Learning Experience Timothy Bunnell 9/ 13/ 2010 Ronald Foster Abstract Before enlisting in the United States Marine Corps, I was completely terrified of flying. My fear of flying was based on sensationalizing media reports of aircraft mishaps, and the devastation they sometimes caused. Once a Marine, I was conditioned by several methods of learning to develop a love of flying. Fear of flying is a well known phobia and is one that many people live and deal with everyday. Media coverage of disastrous aviation mishaps has provided much fuel to continue feeding this type of fear. Even though, statistically, flying is safer than driving as a mode of transportation, flying is still feared. Until Joining the United States Marine Corps in 1995, I was terrified of flying. The first time I ever traveled by air was on my way to basic training at Parris Island, South Carolina. During this flight, I discovered two important things: I loved the feeling of flying, and I was absolutely terrified by being in the air. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning to Conquer a Fear or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I enlisted in the Marines, my Job was to be a helicopter mechanic. In the completion of my duties, I learned about the function of the aircraft, and realized that he aircraft is capable of doing amazing things, and that it is a remarkably safe aircraft. I was given the opportunity to begin flying as a crewmember when I received orders to deploy oversees in 1997. I was thrilled and terrified at the same time. I wanted to fly, but I needed to learn to control my fear of flying. Through several methods of conditioning, I was able to not only control my fear of flying; I was able to completely overcome it. Classic Conditioning In learning to overcome my fear, I had to learn to be able to trust the aircraft, and to trust my ability to function while in the air. The thought of trying to do this in an actual flying aircraft did not seem to be the best way to handle this. In an attempt to simulate performing in flight, I was requested to train in the aircraft weapon simulator. The simulator was used by pilots to simulate the aircraft function, motion, noise, and smell while having the safety of never breaking the deck. In addition to just training in the simulator, I was given the opportunity to actually take the controls and fly the simulator. As an avid video-gamer, this was a huge reward for me, as this was a life-sized, full motion simulator. The unconditioned stimulus in this learning xperience was the sensation and thrill of flight. The unconditioned responses were the rush of excitement, the sense euphoria, and complete lack of fear. In this simulator to build up to training in the actual aircraft. It also gave me a better understanding of how the aircrafts flight mechanics work to fly safely. I was familiarized with the aircraft functionality as a mechanic, and through the simulator, so the fear was reduced to a point that enabled me to get into the aircraft and fly. The conditioned stimulus was flight time, and use of the simulator. The conditioned response was excitement at the prospect of flying. Operant Conditioning In addition to classical conditioning methods, I also learned from operant conditioning. The behavior that was expected was satisfactory performance as a member of the crew. I knew that in order to do this, I needed to control my fear, and work with confidence. There were several consequences that helped to successfully develop this behavior. One of the consequences of successfully performing as a member of the crew was increased flight time. The better I performed, the more I was scheduled to fly. An additional consequence was an increase in salary by receiving flight pay. The more I flew, the more qualified I became. The more qualified I became, the more I was paid. These consequences provided positive reinforcement in the form of more money, and more flight time. This increased flight time caused an increase in the thrill I was able to receive from flying. I wanted to continue doing well, and performing in a highly proficient and effective manner in order to continue being scheduled for flight time, and to continue receiving more money. My reinforcement came at a fixed interval in the form ofa monthly pay check, and at a variable ratio in that my flight time was scheduled fairly regularly hough each month, but without a weekly schedule. Because of the powerful reinforcements used to ensure good performance, there is little chance of extinction of the behavior. I am not likely to lose my confidence in flight. Cognitive-social Learning Cognitive learning involves being able to consider means of solving a problem, and being able to develop a plan to implement those solutions. In order to overcome my fear of flying, I needed to develop a plan based on available assets to practice flying without fear. I knew that pilots train for flight through the use of the flight simulator. I also knew that the simulator was a full motion trainer that used motion and sound to give the pilots a life like training environment from the safety of the ground. When offered flight orders, I requested to be trained in the simulator to help overcome my fear, before I had to try training in an actual aircraft. I felt that this would give me the best chance of using a stepping stone approach to accomplish my goal of becoming a crewman. Part of my fear of flying was due to the chance of mechanic malfunction of the aircraft and the potential for a disastrous or fatal mishap. One of the tools available or use in the simulator is malfunction simulation. This function of the simulator allowed for safe practical application, and realistic effects from various types of malfunctions. In training with other crewmen, I was able to observe their reactions to the malfunctions, and to see their confidence in handling adverse situations. According to Todd Jones (2007), people can be creative in coming up with solutions by use of cognitive mechanisms, or by imitating the behavior they see in others around them. This was true in my case as I developed methods of working through the fear modeled by others. Influence of Media and Prejudice on Learning The Media has long been linked to behavior. Social culture as seen in multi-media settings often influences behavior in those around us. Consider for a moment how often one hears someone use a catch phrase made famous by a popular television show, or how people will begin to imitate the actions or mannerisms of a famous actor or character. Now, consider news media reports of disastrous events and how they change or affect public opinion. It has been suggested by Jason Young (2003) that news media agencies will intentionally sensationalize horrible events. Events uch as plane crashes seem more horrible than they already are when dramatized by the evening news. In todays age of excessive media coverage, that same plane crash is covered by most if not all media agencies thus creating a greater sense of menacing disaster associated with the event. This type of sensationalism can greatly influence the behavior or beliefs of the people who view them. Prejudice plays an a great role on learning as well. Through our social learning, we learn from the behavior of those around us. Learning through observation of others is a cornerstone of this type of learning. It has been well documented that bserving prejudice plays a large role in the development of beliefs in children. Learning to dislike someone because of race, credd, skin color, or sex in not a natural behavior, but one that is learned from others. The same can be applied to prejudice of places or things. Many likes and dislikes are formed through observation of others. Differences in types of Learning The different forms of conditioning mentioned in this paper allow for many layers of learning, and enable for greater learning potential. Classical conditioning allows learning through stimulus and response. If A is presented, then B happens. Through the use of conditioned stimuli and responses, a behavior can be learned and maintained. Operant conditioning occurs through external stimulus. If the behavior is met then it is reinforced through either positive or negative reinforcement. There are consequences for the behavior. If the behavior is met, and continued, then the consequences are favorable. If the behavior is not met, then the consequences are not favorable. Punishment is one of the consequences of not meeting the behavior. Punishments must be used wisely, however, or it may cause further deviation from the required behavior. Cognitive-social conditioning involves using cognitive methods to develop solutions to problems encountered. Those solutions help to shape ones behavior. It also involves learning through observation of the actions of others. All of these types of conditioning involve a cause and effect to develop a behavior. Classic and Operant conditioning use some sort of reward system to continue the behavior, while Cognitive-social conditioning is reinforced by observation or through further use of cognitive methods. Improving this Learning Experience Throughout the process of learning to overcome my fear of flying, I used all of the onditioning methods listed in this paper. There were several ways that this learning experience could have been improved. Part of my fear of flights was a fear of though I have no fear of flying, climbing a ladder can leave me in a cold sweat. I think that learning to control that portion of this fear set may have reduced the time it took to overcome the over all fear of flying. This could have been accomplished using obstacle course and confidence courses that used heights as an obstacle. Through the use of classical conditioning with conditioned stimuli and responses, I think that vercoming my fear of heights may have been accomplished relatively quickly. Another improvement could have been used to improve the learning process would be through operant conditioning. Through the process of rewarding positive results on the obstacles, it would have reinforced success rather than fear. Conclusion The fear of lying almost robbed me of one of the most wonderful experiences that I have lived to enjoy. Through the use of several types of learning and conditioning I was able to overcome a lifetime of fear boosted by media dramatization and by social eaction to aircraft mishaps. Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-32488999011858994752019-11-26T14:01:00.001-08:002019-11-26T14:01:05.002-08:00buy custom Curriculum Guides on Writing, Spelling, Reading and Mathematics essaybuy custom Curriculum Guides on Writing, Spelling, Reading and Mathematics essay A curriculum guide is a plan on what subjects will be taught, how they will be taught and by whom they will be taught. It may be general or specific and is a determinant on what ways materials are taught to diverse groups of students (Tannehill Lund, 2010). In most cases, public schools setup curriculum guides for every individual subject and the guides are used as a trajectory of the expected standards of performance in the school. That is, the performance levels that are expected of students. The guides may specify the core concepts that must be taught within a given time limit and provide recommendations on the teaching method s that will appeal to a given group of students. Curriculum guides should embrace objectivity and proper goals if academic excellence is to be achieved (Glass Strickland, 2009). They should consider the students educational and social needs based on the age group. In addition, they should be based on content standards, thinking skills and mind habits as well as promote collaborative teaching, learning and assessment opportunities that enable all students to achieve high standards. This paper develops curriculum guides for reading, writing, spelling and mathematics in a way that promotes learning in the classroom situation. In the context of curriculum guide development, the teacher has the responsibility of teaching and following up on the pupils through mentorship sessions so that specific student needs are taken care of (Mattison, OShea Rowe, 2002). The teacher also has the responsibility of building students based on individual student assets. Assessment is done on a continuous basis to find out how much is being learnt. Apart from periodical assessments of written and oral tests, the teacher will provide end of lesson assignments which the students must do and submit results within a given timeline. There will also be end of year exams which will examine students strengths and weaknesses (Malloy, 2006). Curriculum Guide on Reading, Spelling and Writing for Grade One Pupils Objective: At the end of the learning year, the pupils are expected to be in a position to write a large proportion of correctly spelt high frequency words. In addition, the pupil should be able to write text that is readable by others regardless of the spelling of words. There should also be phonetic representation in the text. The pupil should also be able to draw a range of resources for deciding on how to spell unfamiliar words such as matching familiar words and word parts. The pupil should automatically and correctly spell words that are used commonly. Presentation of what is to be learnt within the clarified periods Class: Grade one period activity One week Letter formation of single letters Three days Students use magnetic letters to build words Three days Students sort words in a pocket chart Two days Writing and checking of spellings Two days Friends check on what others have done Four days Spelling Two days syllables Three days Name building To days Matching of names and pictures Three days Sorting names by categories Two days Sorting names by gender Two days Sorting names on a chart Two days Identifying consonants Four days Sorting names by how they end Three days Sorting of names that have double consonants One week Introduction to vowels Two weeks Syllables and their separation by line Ten days Naming of objects One week Sorting of attributes Two weeks Writing of words Two and a half weeks Word building One week Making of syllable breaks Curriculum Guide for Mathematics This guide provides direction on what a grade one student should know at the end of the academic year of doing mathematics (Maxwell, Mendez, Goldsmith Sorenson, 2001). At the end of the teaching period, the student should be able to have basic knowledge on addition and subtraction, measurements, place value and spatial understanding of geometry. The student should also know weights in terms of what is heavy or light and build number sense. Objective: The student is expected to have all rounded information on numbers, basic algebra, basic geometry, measurement and introductory probability. Given that grade 2 students are relatively young, the curriculum will engage the children in hands on activities. They will use manipulative aspects such as identification of numerals, writing of the memorized numerals, understanding one to one correspondence, describing positional words, sequencing events, completing simple patterns and addition and subtraction among other things. Here is a diagrammatic presentation of what is expected of students in Grade 1 in Mathematics as adopted from Team (2008). Time Objectives 4 weeks Number sense: count forward and backward, connect numerals and number words represented. 5 weeks Foundations of addition and subtraction, number words and ordinals: represent real life number stories, describe addition and subtraction using manipulatives, use two or three addends 3 weeks Fluency in addition and subtraction and introduction to geometry: solve addition and/or subtraction problems using one or two digit numbers, develop an understanding of fractions by dividing objects into equal parts. 3 weeks Spatial understanding of geometry, place value, counting: describe characteristics andd properties of two and three dimensional geometric shapes, explain similarities and differences in plane and solid shapes, recognize and name environmental shapes 4 weeks Measurements and operational extensions: use the calendar to identify the day, month and year as well as the day before, the day after among other things. Collect data from the environment. Rubric of Assessment and Evaluation A rubric is a tool that is used to assess several types of assignments including written work, projects and speeches among other things (Harrison 2001, 12). Rubrics are an excellent way to grading assignments that can lead to subjective grading. Rubrics ought to be given to students before the completion of course work so that they have knowledge on how they will be assessed (Bondi Wiles, 2011). In both the above subjects: mathematics and writing, spelling and reading there will be two continuous assessment tests and one final examination. The continuous assessment test will all account to 40% of the overall grade whereas the final exam will contribute to 60% of the final grade. For mathematics, the grades will be auto summed to a hundred percent mark. In the languages (reading, writing and spelling) however, there will be both oral presentations and written tests. Oral presentation in the two continuous assessment tests will amount to a total of 15% of the total grade. Oral presentations in the examinations will also contribute to 15% of the overall grade. In essence, oral presentations contribute to 30% of the overall grade in writing, spelling and reading tests. The following is a breakdown of the distribution of grades across the subjects covered with a basis on the guidelines provided by Soven McLeod (1992). Breakdown of Distribution of Marks for Grading subject nature Contribution Overall effect Reading, writing and spelling Continuous assessment tests NB: these are grades for two continuous assessment tests Oral presentations:15% Written work: 15% 30% Final examination Oral presentation:15% Written exams: 55% 70% Mathematics Continuous assessment tests NB: these are grades for two continuous assessment tests Counting and symbols: 20% Written arithmetic: 10% 30% Final examination Counting and identification of symbols: 20% Written arithmetic:50% 70% Conclusion A curriculum should be purposeful, rigorous and related to the real world. It should focus on developing complex and critical thinking skills of individual students thereby helping them develop deeper creativity in the subjects of study. In addition, it should integrate themes, essential questions and standards into the daily work of students. It should also be class specific and coherent both in writing and implementation. Buy custom Curriculum Guides on Writing, Spelling, Reading and Mathematics essay Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-86541784892154480822019-11-22T21:24:00.001-08:002019-11-22T21:24:05.188-08:00Interesting Quotes From Novel Alas, BabylonInteresting Quotes From Novel 'Alas, Babylon' Pat Franks classic novel Alas, Babylonà is filled with provocative quotes. Published inà 1959, the bookà takes place in Florida and isà centered around the Braggs. One of the first novels of the nuclear age, Alas, Babylon has a distinctlyà post-apocalyptic bent. With this roundup of quotes, categorized by chapter, familiarize yourself with the prose that made this novel so unique.à Chapters 1-2 Urgent you meet me at Base Ops McCoy noon today. Helen and children flying to Orlando tonight. Alas Babylon. (Ch. 1)Standing afar off for the fear of her torment, saying, Alas, alas, that great city Babylon, that mighty city! For in one hour is thy judgment come. (Ch. 2)Sure. Time-on-target. You dont fire everything at the same instant. You shoot it so it all arrives on target at the same instant.à (Ch. 2) Chapters 4-5 Peewee may be a mouse aboard ship, but hes a tiger in a Tiger. If I sent him up with orders to shoot down the moon, hed try. (Ch. 4)So here comes our local Paul Revere, he greeted Randy. What are you trying to do, frighten my wife and daughter to death?à (Ch. 4)Ben Franklin, staring to the south, said, I dont see any mushroom cloud. Dont they always have a mushroom cloud?à (Ch. 5)Edgar hesitated. To refuse to cash government savings bonds was fiduciary sacrilege so awful that the possibility never before had entered his head. Yet here he was, faced with it. No, he decided, we dont cash any bonds. Tell those individuals that we wont cash any bonds until we find out where the government stands, or if.à (Ch. 5) Chapters 6-9 As Chief Executive of the United States, and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces, I hereby declare a state of unlimited national emergency until such time as new elections are held, and Congress reconvenes. (Ch. 6)Whos winning? Nobodys winning. Cities are dying and ships are sinking and aircraft is going in, but nobodys winning.à (Ch. 6)In four months, Randy said, weve regressed four thousand years. More, maybe. Four thousand years ago the Egyptians and Chinese were more civilized than Pistolville is right now. Not only Pistolville. Think what must be going on in those parts of the country where they dont even have fruit and pecans and catfish.à (Ch. 8)I think most of us sensed this truth, but we could not accept it. You see, no matter how well we understood the truth it was necessary that the Kremlin understand it too. It takes two to make a peace but only one to make a war. So all we could do, while vowing not to strike first, was line up our lead soldiers. (Ch. 9)It was a w olf, Randy said. It wasnt a dog any longer. In times like these dogs can turn into wolves. You did just right, Ben. Here, take back your gun. (Ch. 9) Chapters 10-13 No. A company under martial law. So far as I know Im the only active Army Reserve officer in town so I guess its up to me.à (Ch. 10)The end of the corn and exhaustion of the citrus crop had been inevitable. Armadillos in the yams was bad luck, but bearable. But without fish and salt their survival was in doubt. (Ch. 12)Ben Franklin was credited with discovering a new source of food, and was a hero. Peyton was only a girl, fit for sewing, pot washing, and making beds.à (Ch. 12)It was proof that the government of the United States still functioned. It was also useful as toilet paper. Next day, ten leaflets would buy an egg, and fifty a chicken. It was paper, and it was money. (Ch. 13)We won it. We really clobbered em! Harts eyes lowered and his arms drooped. He said, Not that it matters. (Ch. 13) Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-42122091284021522772019-11-21T03:04:00.001-08:002019-11-21T03:04:07.269-08:00Fallacies exercise Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsFallacies exercise - Assignment Example proverbial cat is already out of the bag, the codification of such a thing as ââ¬Å"animal rightsâ⬠could potentially lead to consequences that all but the most careless rat-lover would find dire. Certainly if merely gouging a nickel-sized hole in an elephantââ¬â¢s shoulder is the act of a criminal, then hunters should be charged with murder, road kill is manslaughter, and owning a dog an act of involuntary servitude. Scott McPherson This statement commits the slippery slope fallacy, which means that the speaker interprets a simple statement in very general terms and exaggerating it in the process. The definition of animal rights here is exaggerated and its exceptions are not considered by the speaker in that even benevolent acts like owning a dog, unintentional acts like road kill, and purposeful acts for the benefit of mankind like hunting are all considered violations of animal rights. Although this statement also commits the other fallacies of begging the question, non sequitur and false analogy, it is clearly a hasty generalization. The claim of the speaker that the particular university is not recommended is obviously not valid for it is based on but two people. There must be a considerable number of students in a sample plus backing of research before one can make a valid claim that one university cannot be recommended. This statement is a sweeping generalization. Such a fallacy is committed in this statement because the speaker had already labeled all churchgoers as mindless and old even before the actual disadvantages of going to mass or going to church (if ever there are any) were underlined. As far as I know, this statement commits the Red herring fallacy. Instead of the speaker explaining the disadvantages of President Obamaââ¬â¢s reversal of President Bushââ¬â¢s ruling on stem cell research, the speaker befogs the issue by tossing out the red herring of his support for President Bush. 8. ââ¬Å"Ugandas controversial ethics and integrity ministerâ⬠¦ said Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-46443421843878513262019-11-19T12:29:00.001-08:002019-11-19T12:29:02.886-08:00Managing Activiies to Achieve Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 wordsManaging Activiies to Achieve Results - Essay Example Here, for this assignment, this author has chosen the example of a pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, where these themes are equally applicable. Pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive, and every step of functioning in this industry is governed by business process management to improve products and services to the customer with maximal efficiency. An efficient system must be usable, and people must be convinced about the usefulness of it. Thus the developmental journey must be people centric, where the trench people must not feel excluded. They need to be consulted, listened to, trained and communicated with on a regular basis. They must understand the business process and its benefits. Conviction of people about the reasons of the process change, the necessity of it would promote them to take ownership and responsibility. The organisational structure would enable that. The organisational structure and culture are important parameters and preconditions for fostering an environment where people would understand clearly what is expected of them and how they are significant in the new structure and process (Morrill, 2008). There are many components in the structure and culture. The components are logically connected in such a way that there is a meaningful concept of fitment among the different components of organisational struc ture and the cultural settings. In the stated organisation, the decision makers implement change processes interpret and utilise the environmental culture to shape the organisational structure. Sometimes depending on the situation, a double-loop change process is utilised where within the organisational structure, the members of one culture impose their favoured structures on organisational members coming from different cultures. Sometimes, again depending on the situation, the organisational hierarchy utilises the naturally socially constructed organisational structure and culture (Walsh, 2004). Mission and Aim of Organisation and Effects on Structure and Culture The objective and aim of the organisation has important impacts on its culture and structure. If by organisational structure we mean formalisation and centralisation and if organisational culture means participative decision making, support and collaboration, and learning and development, both must interrelate. The aim and objective of this organisation is to produce innovative pharmaceutical products, and thus it means technological processes, administrative control, and product manufacturing. Studies by Jantan et al. (2003) have shown that both participation in decision making and support and collaboration and learning and development have demonstrable positive effects on administrative innovation. Although structural variables appear to be unaffected, they may affect the cultural variables (Jantan et al., 2003). Bate et al. (2000) highlights the role of aims and goals of an organisation in shaping the structure and Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-15138402790103827232019-11-17T01:00:00.001-08:002019-11-17T01:00:05.584-08:00School Prayer & the US Constitution Essay Example for Free School Prayer the US Constitution Essay Prelude There was a lot of happening in 1960ââ¬â¢s, or so it seems. The lawyers, the clerics, the socialists, the politicians, the religious activists and the common public; they all appeared to have something critical, urgent and spat on their agenda; rather exceedingly controversial and notorious matter; the Prayer in Schools. Court prohibits Prayer in Schools Originally, the Warren Court of the 1960s declared prayer in public schools unconstitutional. By examining St. Louis Post-Dispatch, we can cover the story that Court ruled out Prayer in Schools emphasizing state is faithful to an arrangement of a neutral stance. The Supreme Court held June 17, 1963 wrap up that Bible reading and recitation of the Lordââ¬â¢s Prayer as exercises in public schools is unconstitutional. The decision came on the last day of the courts 1962-63 term. It proclaimed adjournment until October. The vote was 8 to 1, with Justice Tom C. Clark writing the majority opinion and Justice Potter Stewart delivering the balk. Justice William Joseph Brennan Jr. wrote a long agreement in the mainstream outlook as did Justices Arthur J. Goldberg and Justice John Marshall Harlan. The court ruled on two appeals openly concerning attacks on such daily prayer and Bible readings at opening exercises in public schools in Maryland and Pennsylvania. Conversely, the decision had a far- reaching effect on such practices in public schools across the land. The officially permitted inquiry concerned with the cases was whether such school recitals abuse the free exercise clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution, which says, ââ¬Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.â⬠Justice Clark declared that both the Maryland and Pennsylvania cases could be disposed of in the equivalent belief because they heaved the similar fundamental pronouncement under vaguely dissimilar realistic circumstances. Clark said in the light of the history of the First Amendment and of the cases inferring and affecting its necessities, jury hold that the practices at issue and the laws requiring them are unconstitutional under the establishment clause, under the Fourteenth Amendment of US Constitution. In an earlier case, the court decided June 25, 1962, that the use in New York public schools of a nondenominational prayer which had been composed by state officials violated the First Amendment. The verdict in the New York case was 6 to 1, with Justice Stewart the lone dissenter. Justice Hugo Black was the author of the majority opinion. Justice Felix Frankfurter was ill at the time and did not participate. He later resigned and was succeeded by Justice Arthur Goldberg. Justice Byron R. White, new on the court, did not participate because he did not hear the arguments that preceded the ruling. Justice Clark wrote in 1963 decision that the place of religion in our society is an exalted one, achieved through a long tradition of reliance on the home, the church and the inviolable citadel of the individual heart and mind. In the relationship between man and religion, the state is firmly committed to a position of neutrality. Though the application of that rule requires interpretation of a delicate sort, the rule itself is clearly and concisely stated in the words of the First Amendment. In his dissent, Justice Stewart declared it was a ââ¬Å"fallacious oversimplificationâ⬠to observe supplies of the First Amendment as launching a single constitutional standard of ââ¬Å"separation of church and stateâ⬠which can be useful perfunctorily in every case to outline the requisite limitations between government and religion. He err in the first place if they do not recognize, as a matter of history and a matter of the imperatives of the free society, that religion and government must necessarily cooperate in innumerable customs. Although, the previous court decisions have made clear that there is no constitutional bar to use of government property for religious purposes, he said that previous cour t decisions relating to the public schools systems were inadequate to religious instruction or proselytizing actions of religious sects by chucking the weight of secular authority in the wake of the broadcasting the religious doctrine. He saw no danger to the government or religion in the exercises involved in the Maryland and Pennsylvania cases because they involved only a reading of the Bible single handed by remarks which otherwise constitute instruction. He felt the records of the Maryland and Pennsylvania cases were so essentially scarce as to make impossible an informed or accountable resolve of the constitutional issues offered. He didnââ¬â¢t agree that on the records they can say that the establishment clause has necessarily been violated. He favored sending both the Maryland and Pennsylvania cases back to the lower courts for taking of additional evidence. In the Maryland case, Mrs. Madalyn E. Murray and her 16-year-old son, identifying themselves as atheists, attacked constitutionality of a Baltimore city school board regulation. The regulation called for daily opening exercises of Bible reading and recitation of the Lords Prayer. Objecting students are permitted to be excused from the exercises. Maryl ands court of appeals, by a 4-to-3 vote, ruled against objections by the Murrays. The state court said the Constitutions First amendment was not ââ¬Å"intended to stifle all rapport between religion and government.â⬠Counsel for the Murrays argued before the Supreme Court that the Maryland practice breached the figurative wall between church and state. The court was told that the son, William Murray, had been wounded by the practice in that he had lost caste, had been spat on, and was assailed by fellow students of William. In the Pennsylvania case, a three-judge United States district court in Philadelphia unanimously sustained protestations to a state law requiring Bible reading daily at opening exercises of the schools.(Woods) Historical perspective of the US Constitution When the Constitutional Convention initially gathered in Philadelphia in 1787, the spiritual backdrop of the states was diverse. Most states gave authorized gratitude to one recognized spiritual value. For Instance, The state of Virginia, accepted the ââ¬Å"Episcopal Churchâ⬠as re presentative of the state. Spiritual belief as a central part of colonial life was not in query. Somewhat, sacred matters that occured among states centered on the variations amid statesââ¬â¢ conventional values. The political scene also turned off scripts of disunity. The Articles of Confederation had proved insufficient for governing, and the states were aggressive over issues of taxationââ¬ânamely, which should pay the costs incurred by the Revolutionary War. As the Constitutional Convention assembled, observers supposed the thought of a Constitution, much less a nation, was delicate and quickly fading. Presided by George Washington, this conference of some of the original Founders was observed as a last endeavor for unity. During the Constitutional Convention, states quarreled and self-interest thrived, to the point that no progress was being made. It was then that an aged Ben Franklin stood and said: In the beginning of the contest with Britain, when we were sensible of danger, we had daily prayers in this room for Divine protection. Our prayers, Sir, were heard, and they were graciously answered. All of us who were engaged in the struggle must have observed frequent instances of a superintending providence in our favor à ¼ and have we no w forgotten this powerful Friend? Or do we imagine we no longer need His assistance? I have lived, Sir, a long time, and the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth: ââ¬Ëthat God governs in the affairs of man.ââ¬â¢ And if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without His notice, is it probable that an empire can rise without His aid? I therefore beg leave to move that, henceforth, prayers imploring the assistance of Heaven and its blessings on our deliberations be held in this assembly every morning before we proceed to business ââ¬Å" The 81-year-old Benjamin Franklin was not one of the more religiously-minded Founding Fathersââ¬âhe actually believed more in the rational views of the French Enlightenmentââ¬âyet he was willing to acknowledge the importance of prayer to the political aspirations of a nation. Not a prayer bound to a denomination, like the states already had, but prayer that acknowledged God as the Creator and Sustainer, prayer that outmoded the trivial blocs of authoritatively standard foundations. (MacLeod 1) Landmark Cases of Supreme Court ENGEL V. VITALE (1962) The Regents School Prayer What authority, if any, does the government have when it comes religious rituals lik e prayers? Can a government write specific prayers for public school students to recite every day? That used to be the case in many places in America, but that was challenged and ultimately struck down by the Supreme Court. This is one of the most important cases in the history of the Supreme Courtââ¬â¢s church/state decisions. The State Board of Regents, which had supervisory power over New York public schools, had become concerned about an apparent decline in the morality of school students and so began a program of ââ¬Å"moral and spiritual trainingâ⬠in the schools. This program included a prayer every morning which the Regents themselves had composed in a nondenominational form. Labeled the ââ¬Å"To whom it may concernâ⬠prayer by one commentator, it stated: Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our Country. A group of 10 parents were joined by the ACLU in a suit against the Board of Education of New Hyde Park, New York because they had adopted that prayer. Amicus curiae briefs were filed by the American Ethical Union, the American Jewish Committee and the Synagogue Council of America. Both the state court and the New York Court of Appeals allowed the prayer to be recited. Arguments were made on April 3rd, 1962. On June 25, 1962, the Supreme Court ruled 7 to 1 that it was unconstitutional for a government agency like a school or government agents like public school employees to require students to recite prayers. In his majority opinion, Justice Black sided substantially with the arguments of the separationists, who quoted heavily from Thomas Jefferson and made extensive use of his ââ¬Å"wall of separationâ⬠metaphor. Particular emphasis was placed upon James Madisonââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments.â⬠According to Black, the governmentally created prayer recitation is much like the English creation of the Book of Common Prayer. It was to avoid exactly this type of relationship between government and organized religion that many early colonists came to America. In his words, the prayer was ââ¬Å"a practice wholly i nconsistent with the Establishment Clause.â⬠Although the Regents argued that there was no compulsion on students to recite the prayer, Black observed that: Neither the fact that the prayer may be denominationally neutral nor the fact that its observances on the part of students are voluntary can serve to free it from the limitations of the Establishment Clause The Establishment clause is violated regardless of whether there is any ââ¬Å"showing of direct government compulsionwhether those laws operate directly to coerce non-observing individuals or not.â⬠As if he anticipated the harsh public reaction, Black attempted to point out that the decision shows great respect for religion, not hostility. It is neither sacrilegious nor anti-religious to say that each separate government in this country should stay out of the business of writing or sanctioning official prayers and leave that purely religious function to the people themselves and to those the people choose to look to for religious guidance. This case was one of the first in a series of cases, many in the 1960s, in which a variety of religious activities sponsored by the government were found to violate the Establishment Clause. This was the first case which effectively prohibited the government from sponsoring or endorsing official prayers in schools, not Abington School District v. Schempp (from the following year) as is commonly thought. People were outraged that official prayers were no longer permitted in schools, although their anger was directed mostly at the cases which were decided in the following years. Representative of most reactions was a statement from evangelist Billy Graham, who still opposes church/state separation even today: ââ¬Å" This is another step toward the secularization of the United States. [] The framers of our Constitution meant we were to have freedom of religion, not freedom from religionâ⬠. Engel v. Vitale got the ball rolling on the separation of church and state in the latter half of the 20th century. (Cline, About: Agnosticism / Atheism) ABINGTON SCHOOL DIST. v. SCHEMPP MURRAY v. CURLETT (1963) Since of the embargo of the First Amendment against the acting out by C ongress of any law respecting an establishment of religion, which is made valid to the States by the Fourteenth Amendment, no state law or school board may require that passages from the Bible be read or that the Lords Prayer be recited in the public schools of a State at the beginning of each school day even if individual students may be excused from attending or participating in such exercises upon written request of their parents. Mutually these cases transactc with ââ¬Å"state-approved reading of Bible passagesâ⬠before classes in public schools. Schempp was conveye to trial by a religious family who had dropped a line to the ACLU. The Schempps defied a Pennsylvania law which declared that: at least ten verses from the Holy Bible shall be read, without comment, at the opening of each public school day. Any child shall be excused from such Bible reading, or attending such Bible reading, upon written request of his parent or guardian. A federal district court banned this. Murray was conveyed to trial by an atheist: Madalyn Murray (later OHair), who was functioning on the part of her sons, William and Garth. Murray defied a Baltimore statute that supplied for the reading, without comment, of a chapter of the Holy Bible and/or of the Lords Prayer before the start of classes. This act was sustained by both a state court and the Maryland Court of Appeals in the Supreme Court. Opinions for both cases were taken notice of on the 27th and 28th of February, 1963. On the 17th of June, 1963, the Court ruled 8-1 against of allowing the re citing of the Bible verses and the Lords Prayer. Justice Clark wrote at length in his majority opinion about the history and significance of religion in America, but his finale was that the Constitution prohibits any concern of religion, that prayer is a form of religion, and that hence state- sponsored or mandated prayer in public schools cannot be permissible. For the foremost moment, an examination was formed to assess Establishment questions ahead of courts: what are the purpose and primary effect of the enactment? If either is the advancement or inhibition of religion then the enactment exceeds the scope of legislative power as circumscribed by the Constitution. That is to say that to withstand the structures of the Establishment Clause there must be a secular legislative purpose and a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion. [emphasis added] Justice Brennan wrote in a concurring opinion that, while legislators argued that they had a secular purpose with their law, their goals could have been achieved with readings from secular document. The law, however, only specified the use of religious literature and prayer. That the Bible readings were to be made without comment demonstrated even further that the legislators knew that they were dealing with specifically religious literature and wanted to avoid sectarian interpre tations. A violation of the Free Exercise Clause was also created by the coercive effect of the readings. That this might demand only minor encroachments on the First Amendment, as argued by others, was unrelated. The proportional study of religious conviction in public schools is not forbidden but those religious adherences were not crafted with such visions in mentality. ABINGTON SCHOOL DIST. v. SCHEMPP was fundamentally a replicate of the Courts earlier Court Decision in Engel v. Vitale, in which the Court acknowledged constitutional violations and struck the legislation. As with Engel, the Court held that the voluntary nature of religious exercises (even allowing parents to exempt their children) did not avert the statutes from violating the Establishment Clause. There was, of course, an intensely negative public reaction. In May 1964, there were more than 145 proposed constitional amendments in the House of Representatives which would permit school prayer and effectively reverse both decisions. Representative L. Mendell Rivers accused the Court of legislating they never adjudicate with one eye on the Kremlin and the other on the NAACP. Cardinal Spellman claimed that the decision struck at the very heart of the Godly tradition in which Americas children have for so long been raised. Although people frequently argue that Murray, who later instituted the American Atheists, was the women who got prayer put the boot of public schools and, it should be apparent that even had she never survived, the Schempp case still would have approached to the Supreme Court in some moment in time . (Cline, About: Agnosticism / Atheism) LEMON v. KURTZMAN (1971) There are a lot of people in America who would like to see the government provide funding to private, religious schools. Critics argue that this would violate the separation of church and state and sometimes the courts agree with this position. This was actually three separate cases: Lemon v. Kurtzman, Earley v. DiCenso, and Robinson v. DiCenso. These cases from Pennsylvania and Rhode Island were joined together because they all involved public assistance to private schools, some of which were religious. The final decision has become known by the first case in the list: Lemon v. Kurtzman. Pennsylvaniaââ¬â¢s law provided for paying the salaries of teachers in parochial schools and assisting the purchasing of textbooks or other teaching supplies, as required by Pennsylvaniaââ¬â¢s Non-Public Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1968. In Rhode Island, the 15% of the salaries of private school teachers was paid by the government as mandated by the Rhode Island Salary Supplement Act of 1969. In both cases the teachers were teaching secular, not religious, subjects. Arguments were made on March 3rd, 1971. On June 28th, 1971, the Supreme Court unanimously found that direct government assistance to religious schools was unconstitutional. In the majority opinion written by Chief Justice Burger, the Court created what has become known as the ââ¬Å"Lemon Testâ⬠for deciding if a law is in violation of the Establishment Clause. Accepting the secular purpose attached to both statutes by the legislature, the Court did not pass on the secular effect test, inasmuch as excessive entanglement was found. This entanglement arose because the legislature has not, and could not, provide state aid on the basis of a mere assumption that secular teachers under religious discipline can avoid conflicts. The State must be certain, given the Religion Clauses, that subsidized teachers do not inculcate religion. Because the schools concerned were religious schools, because they were under the control of the church hierarchy, and because the primary purpose of the schools was the propagation of the faith, a comprehensive, discriminating, and continuing state surveillance will inevitably be required to ensure that these restrictions [on religious utilization of aid] are obeyed and the First Amendment otherwise respected. This sort of relationship could lead to any number of political problems in areas in which a large numbers of students attend religious schools ââ¬â just the sort of situation that the First Amendment was designed to prevent. Chief Justice Burger further wrote: Every analysis in this area must begin with consideration of the cumulative criteria developed by the Court over many years. First, the statute must have a secular legislative purpose; second, its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances or inhibits religion; finally, the statute must not foster and excessive government Entanglement with religion. The ââ¬Å"excessive entanglementâ⬠criteria was a new addition to the other two, which had already been created in the Abington Township School District v. Schempp. The two statutes in question were held to be in violation of this third criteria. This decision is especially significant because it created the aforementioned Lemon Test for evaluating laws relating to the relationship between church and state. It is a benchmark for all later decisions regarding religious liberty some people love it, some hate it. (Cline, About: Agnosticism / Atheism) Court Tests Applied to Legislation Affecting Religion The Lemon Test Founded on the 1971 case of Lemon v. Kurtzman, the Court will regulate a practice unconstitutional if: 1) It lacks any secular purpose. That is, if the practice lacks any non-religious purpose. 2) The practice either promotes or inhibits religion. 3) Or the practice excessively (in the Courts opinion) involves government with a religion. The Coercion Test Based on the 1992 case of Lee v. Weisman, the religious practice is examined to see to what extent, if any, pressure is applied to force or coerce individuals to participate. The Court has defined that Unconstitutional coercion occurs when: (1) the government directs (2) a formal religious exercise (3) in such a way as to oblige the participation of objectors. The Endorsement Test Finally, drawing from the 1989 case of Allegheny County v. ACLU, the practice is examined to see if it unconstitutionally endorses religion by conveying a message that religion is favored, preferred, or promoted over other beliefs. The Establishment Clause and the Lemon Tests Based on its 1971 decision in the case of Lemon v. Kurtzman, the Supreme Court came up with the three tests of any religion-related law. The Lemon test is still used by the Court today to determine whether or not the law meets constitutional muster. In order for any law to satisfy the First Amendment, it: 1) Must have some secular, or non-religious legal purpose; 2) must neither promote or inhibit the practice of religion; and 3) must not must not foster an excessive government entanglement with religion. In its Lemon decision, the Supreme Court concludes, [i]f a statute violates any of these three principles, it must be struck down under the Establishment Clause. Lemon Test v. The Ten Commandments When viewed against the Lemon tests, the first four of the Ten Commandments would fail because they have no secular, or non-religious legal purpose. Instead, they concern only specific religious duties expected of believers. 1. Thou shalt have no other gods before me. 2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the wa ter under the earth. Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them. 3. Thou shalt not take the name of the LORD thy God in vain. 4. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. However, commandments 5-10, taken by themselves, make no mention of religion at all. Instead, they are all rules of proper conduct by people in society and are thus completely secular in nature. 5. Honour thy father and thy mother. 6. Thou shalt not kill. 7. Thou shalt not commit adultery. 8. Thou shalt not steal. 9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. 10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbours house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbours wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass, nor any thing that is thy neighbours. But, the Aderholt Amendment did not rule out the first four commandments from contemplation. The 284 U.S. Representatives vote for it. They drew from the expressions of the people who engraved the Constitution. (US Govt. Info, Court Tests) Separation of Church and State Separation of church and state is not even stated i n the U.S. Constitution, since its drafters did not perceive a dichotomy between their religious beliefs and the manuscript that constructed their Republic. However separation of church and state came primarily from two sources, a letter Thomas Jefferson wrote to a group of ministers and from the U.S. Supreme Court case, Everson v. Board of Education. The Danbury Letter. Thomas Jefferson wrote the famous phrase separation of church and state in a letter to the Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut. He was responding to the letter they had written, part of which said: Our Sentiments are uniformly on the side of Religious Libertyââ¬âThat Religion is at all times and places a Matter between God and Individualsââ¬âThat no man ought to suffer in Name, person or effects on account of his religious Opinionsââ¬âThat the legitimate Power of civil Government extends no further than to punish the man who works ill to his neighbor. Jeffersonââ¬â¢s response to their letter was amicable. He said, Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legislative powers of government reach actions only, and not opinions [emphasis added], I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should ââ¬Ëmake no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,ââ¬â¢ thus building a wall of separation between Church and State. Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience, I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights, convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties. Jeffersonââ¬â¢s declaration of a wall of separation between Church and State expressed his opinion that the federal government did not have the auth ority to prescribe even occasional performances of [religious] devotion. He did not question the validity of religious belief, but he constructed his wall to protect religious freedom of conscience from the potential of one federally recognized religion. His fears were well founded. In his Inaugural Address of the previous year, Jefferson had noted that America had banished from our land that religious intolerance under which mankind so long bled and suffered. Clearly, Jefferson decried the federal domination of religious freedom through one established church. In addition, when Jefferson founded the University of Virginia, the Pamphlet of University Regulations included two sections that read: No compulsory attendance on prayers or services. Each denomination to send a clergyman to conduct daily prayers and Sunday service for two weeks. Was this a man who would have sanctioned the complete removal of any form of prayer from the public schools of America? Obviously, Thomas Jeffersonââ¬â¢s views on church and state have been grossly distorted. Everson v. Board of Education. The second notable mention of the phrase separation of church and state came in the 1947 U.S. Supreme Court case, Everson v. Board of Education. The plaintiff argued the New Jersey law that reimbursed parents for the cost of bus transportationââ¬âto public and religious schoolsââ¬âviolated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The Supreme Court said that it did not. In the majority opinion, however, Justice Hugo Black used language to set the stage for damaging rulings in the future. He wrote that the Establishment Clause created a complete separation between the state and religion. Jeffersonââ¬â¢s letter was written 10 years after the ratification of the First Amendment, yet Black relied upon his own interpretation of Jeffersonââ¬â¢s words, rather than on the text of the First Amendment, to set the Everson precedent for future rulings. Twentieth-Century Cases Twentieth-century courts, based predominately on Jeffersonââ¬â¢s l etter and on the precedent Justice Black created in Everson, have argued that the Constitution intended to separate all religious expression from public life. Yet that ignores the textual history and the original intent of James Madison, the author of these religion clauses. It also ignores the broad, historical context. The men who hammered out each section of the Constitution also believed in the importance of daily prayer. The Establishment Clause has often been misinterpreted to mean that any link to religion is establishing religion. One of the causes of this is a simple alteration of the wording in the First Amendment. The clause reads, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. It does not read, Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, as it is often misquoted. If the article is read as the, then it refers to establishment of all religion in general. If the article is an, then it clearly refers to a specific religion or denominationââ¬âan interpretation backed up by historical records. Realizing that the amendment uses the word an helps clarify the meaning of the Framers. So, rather than attempting to separate themselves from religious belief and expression, the Framers were trying to keep one denomination from being favored over another. The twentieth-century cases pertinent to the issue of school prayer do not recognize those differences. They have clearly been built upon the framework created by Everson, as summaries of key cases demonstrate: McCollum v. Board of Education (1948). It is a violation of the Establishment Clause for Jewish, Catholic or Protestant religious leaders to lead optional/voluntary religious instruction in public school buildings. Engel v. Vitale (1962). The daily recitation of prayer in public schools is unconstitutional. Abington School District v. Schempp (1963). Daily school-directed reading of the Bible (without comment), and daily recitation of the Lordââ¬â¢s Prayer, violates the Establishment Clause when performed in public schools. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971). This ruling created the three-part Lemon test for determin ing violations of the Establishment Clause. Stone v. Graham (1980). The Court struck down a state law requiring public schools to post the Ten Commandments (with a notice of secular application). Wallace v. Jaffree (1985). A state law requiring a moment of meditation or voluntary prayer was struck down as an establishment of religion because the intent of the legislature was deemed to be religious rather than secular. By Justice Stevens scripting the mass judgment, the Court decided 6-3 that the Alabama law providing for a moment of silence was unconstitutional. The decision underlined that inspection the Supreme Court apply while assessing the constitutionality of government actions. Pretty than allow the argument that the inclusion of or voluntary prayer was a slight accumulation with a bit realistic implication, the goal of the legislature that approved it was adequate to display the unconstitutionality of prayer. Lee v. Weisman (1992). A private, nongovernmental individual (in this case a rabbi) at a public school graduation cannot offer prayer. Student rights were infringed upon, according to the Court, because the important nature of the event in effect compelled them to attend graduation. That, in effect, compelled students to bow their heads and be respectful during the prayer, which the Court ruled was a constitutional violation. Santa Fe Independent School District v. Jane Doe (2000). The Court struck down a school districtââ¬â¢s policy that allowed an elected student chaplain to open football games with a public prayer. Even though high school football games are purely voluntary activities, the Court concluded that the policy establishes an improper majoritarian election on religion, and unquestionably has the purpose and creates the perception of encouraging the delivery of prayer at a series of important school events. Each of those cases paid attention on the Establishment Clause to the damage of the Free Exercise Clause. That has been the trend of the twentieth century. The courts have too quickly forgotten that the Constitution explicitly protects the free exercise of religion. (MacLeod 2-3) ââ¬Å"The earlier cases were more black and white, and the later ones were more grey in terms of the issues: Stink of Unfairness in Later School Prayer Casesâ⬠The era of 1980s instigated with a diktat not in favor of the Ten Commandments in public school classrooms, and by 1985 even so much as one minute of silence, for meditation or prayer by students, turned out to be inviolable; even though firm decisions delivered by the supreme court (see Engel v. Vitale. Abington School District v. Schempp, Lemon v. Kurtzman). Engel v. Vitale case was one of the first in its origin in which a range of holy conducts backed by the government were found to defy the Establishment Clause. This was the first case which successfully forbidden the government from sponsoring or endorsing official prayers in schools, not Abington School District v. Schempp which is frequently considered. Public were irritated that official prayers were no longer legalized in schools, although their anger was directed mostly at the cases which were decided in the following years. Delegates of most reactions were a declaration from evangelist Billy Graham, who still refuses to accept church/state separation yet at present. Abington School District v. Schempp case was fundamentally a consequence of the Courts earlier Court Decision in Engel v. Vitale, in which the Court recognized constitutional violations and struck the legislation. As with Engel, the Court held that the voluntary nature of religious exercises. There was, of course, an hugely harmful public behaviour. In May 1964, there were more than 145 proposed constitional amendments in the House of Representatives which would permit sch ool prayer and successfully overturn both verdicts. Lemon v. Kurtzman decision was particularly noteworthy because it created the aforementioned Lemon Test for assessing laws relating to the relationship between church and state. It is a yardstick for all later decisions concerning religion freedom. By the turn of the 21st century the extirpation of faithfulness from government schools had been merged, and the mugging on religion in public life fanned out into society at large. Proclamations were subjected exalting vice and suppressing virtue. The year2004 saw the outrage of despair, elevated to a ââ¬Å"full rightâ⬠under the Constitution, even as Godââ¬â¢s Ten Commandments were driven off public property. In the supreme court of Alabama the Chief Justice dared to resist, and was stripped of his office. The judicial oligarchy forced all these changes in the name of the Constitution. The school cases were precise to the establishment clause of the First Amendment. So far the Amendment has a complimentary implement of religion clause, which the politburo of nine has elected to downplay or minimally ignorant. For instance, the Lee v. Weisman decision failed to reverse the standards established by the Court in Lemon. Instead, this ruling extended the prohibition of school prayer to graduation ceremonies and refused to accept the idea that a student would not be harmed by standing during the prayer without sharing the message contained in the prayer. Similarly, Upon reading Santa Fe, Ingebretsen, and Clear Creek II, it seems, with regard to the Establishment Clause, that panels of our court pay little regard to previous jurisprudence. One might think that a specific holding of a prior opinion is no more than a puff of wind. Santa Fe disregards Clear Creek II today. The next panel can disregard Santa Fe tomorrow. When judges can pick and choose without the constraints imposed by precedent, the public is left stranded, vulnerable to liability, helplessly dependent on the panel it draws. We could fulfill our constitutional and professional duty to the public, vote this case en banc, and be of a single voice. But when our court refuses to rehear en banc cases such as Santa Fe, this unrestrained decision-making goes uncorrected. This failure to act, in turn, allows individual members of our court to continue to engage in an activity that has all the appearance of simply advancing personal philosophy. The Alito Nomination: Chief Justice John Roberts and future Justice Samuel Alito probably mean a more conservative Supreme Court. But it probably doesnââ¬â¢t mean a stream of clear-cut conservative breakthroughs on abortion, affirmative action, school prayer or even flag burning. The future of constitutional rulings on those and other hot button issues will be determined by two words: Anthony Kennedy. Thatââ¬â¢s an oversimplification of course. But it seems likely that on a number of issues, there will be four conservatives, four liberals and there will be Justice Kennedy. Unlike Roberts and Alito who went to lengths to leave the world guessing about how they will rule, we know a lot about what Anthony Kennedyism means because he has already faced these issues as a justice. It means Roe v. Wade isnââ¬â¢ t overturned, but partial birth abortion is banned and other abortion restrictions are accepted. Affirmative action is more constrained but not ruled unconstitutional. State-sponsored displays of religious symbols are more likely to be tolerated, but the ban on school prayer is not overturned. Burning a U.S. flag to protest, and viewing pornography on the internet continue to be constitutionally protected activities but McCain-Feingold- type regulations on political campaigning are vulnerable to First Amendment challenges. On the first day of the Alito hearings, Sen. Joseph Biden, D.-Del., said that the ââ¬Å"elephant in the roomâ⬠¿ was the question of whether Alito would cast the decisive votes to reject the direction in which the Supreme Court has been going for the past 70 years. Over the next two and a half days, Alito endorsed some of those precedents (Brown v. the school board, one-person, one-vote, and the Constitutional right of privacy, at least as far as the contraception cases.) Alito also danced artfully around senatorsââ¬â¢ efforts to commit himself on some other precedents, most especially relating to abortion. This is the current state-of-the-art strategy for confirmation, and it appears to be working well. The intensity of the pro-choicer campaign a gainst Alito leads one to forget that there are still five votes to affirm Roe, and that on many of the issues liberals care about, Kennedy has affirmed the basic Warren Court breakthrough rulings. Depending on the the health of Kennedy and the four liberals, and the outcome of future elections, the stakes simply may not be as high as Bidenââ¬â¢s elephantââ¬â¢s eye. (That was an elaborate conflation of the previous reference with a corny lyric from ââ¬Å"Oh What a Beautiful Morning.â⬠Ask your parents.â⬠) If Roberts and Alito turn out to be solid allies of Scalia and Thomas, if the liberals stay together and stay well, and if Kennedy sticks with his established positions, that means: â⬠¢Roe v. Wade is not overturned. Kennedy and the four liberals have already rejected that idea. But the congressional ban partial birth abortion is upheld. Kennedy already voted to uphold it once before. And other restrictions on abortion rights will be accepted. â⬠¢Affirmative action is not ruled unconstitutional at its core. Scalia and Thomas have indicated a willingness to strike it down completely. But Kennedy declined to join those opinions. On the other hand, college s and universities will have an even rougher time figuring out how to construct a constitutional affirmative action program. In 2003, Justice Oââ¬â¢Connor joined the four liberals in upholding the University of Michigan Law Schoolââ¬â¢s admissions program, which claimed to have found a way to act affirmatively without explicit quotas or race-based point systems. Kennedy and the conservatives formed a four-member bloc that didnââ¬â¢t buy it. Quite likely, if a similar question makes it to the court, Kennedy will cast the decisive vote. â⬠¢State-sponsored displays of religious symbols, like the 10 commandments, are more likely to be tolerated when Kennedyââ¬â¢s becomes the key swing vote. But the breakthrough Warren-era decision, banning school prayer, will not be overturned. Kennedy has already endorsed that precedent. â⬠¢Kennedyââ¬â¢s free speech jurisprudence has a strong libertarian streak. That has helped liberals construe the burning of a U.S. flag by protesters and viewing pornography on the internet as constitutionally protected activities under the First Amendment. But Kennedy ââ¬â¢s libertarian streak made him leery of McCain-Feingold-type regulations that restrict political advertising in the name of campaign finance reform. The next time those issues roll around, Kennedy may provide the fifth vote necessary to strike down those regulations on First Amendment grounds. ( Black and Tice 1-2) Arguments against and in favor of School Prayer: School Prayer was a chief center of attention of Darrell Scottââ¬â¢s (father of Rachel Scott, a victim of the Columbine High School Shootings in Littleton, Colorado) testimony to the House Judiciary Committee in a exceptional session of the U.S. Congress on Thursday, May 27, 1999. What Darrell Scott said to our national leaders regarding school prayer was utterly factual and enlightening for all of us. The following is a portion of the transcript: ââ¬Å"I wrote a poem just four nights ago that expresses my feelings best. This was written before I knew I would be speaking here today. Your laws ignore our deepest needs, Your words are empty air. Youve stripped away our heritage, Youve outlawed simple prayer. Now gunshots fill our classrooms, And precious children die. You seek for answers everywhere, And ask the question, Why? You regulate restrictive laws, Through legislative creed. And yet you fail to understand, That God is what we need! Men and women are three-part beings. We all consist of body, soul, and spirit. When we refuse to acknowledge a third part of our make-up, we create a void that allows evil, prejudice, and hatred to rush in and wreak havoc. Spiritual influences were present within our educational systems for most of our nations history. Many of our major colleges began as theological seminaries. This is a historical fact. What has happened to us as a nation? We have refused to honor God, and in doing so, we open the doors to hatred and violence. And when something as terrible as Columbines tragedy occurs, politicians immediately look for a scapegoat such as the NRA. They immediately seek to pass more restrictive laws that contribute to the erosion of our personal and private liberties. We do not need more restrictive laws. Eric and Dylan would not have been stopped by metal detectors. No amount of gun laws can stop someone who spends months planning this type of massacre. The real villain lies within our own hearts. Political posturing and restrictive legislation are not the answers. The young people of our nation hold the key. There is a spiritual awakening taking place that will not be squelched! We do not need more religion. We do not need more gaudy television evangelists spewing out verbal religious garbage. We do not need more million dollar church buildings built while people with basic needs are being ignored. We do need a change of heart and a humble acknowledgment that this nation was founded on the principle of simple trust in God! As my son, Craig, lay under that table in the school library and saw his two friends murdered before his very eyes, he did not hesitate to pray in school. I defy any law or politician to deny him that right! I challenge every young person in America, and around the world, to realize that on April 20, 1999, at Columbine High S chool, prayer was brought back to our schools. Do not let the many prayers offered by those students be in vain. Dare to move into the new millennium with a sacred regard for legislation that protects your God-given right to communicate with Him.â⬠(Popular Issues, School Prayer) There is always a state of war between secular humanists and groups like the Christian Coalition are concerning prayer in high schools and the victim is the innocent average high school kid. Each moment in time the argument is reawakened it concludes in a deadlock. The supporters of prayers say it will add to the broadmindedness in schools, as children be taught of diverse religions will convey to surface the special inquiries kids have about God and religion and allow them to investigate for their own conviction. The majority of them believe that prayers will lend a hand overturning the moral degradation of the society. Contrarily, Secularists shapes the public schools exist to educate, not to proselytize. Religion is private, and schools are public, both of the things couldnââ¬â¢t be intermixable. Whilst the sunup members of the clergy supports prayer during the Constitutional Convention and in ordinances governing education, the U.S. Supreme Court has vividly transferred their original premises. Some legal scholars and special interest groups have built upon those precedents, creating other rationalizations for limiting religious expression in Americaââ¬â¢s public schools. The mainly widespread squabble of such individuals is that the government has a responsibility to be neutral, so that no child is offended by the religious speech of another. This is erroneous because the issue cannot be neutral. Elimination of religious expression for the atheist will offend the child who believes in God. So, the schools must choose. Since 1962, they have sided with the small, nonreligious minority of atheists which, as recent Newsweek poll shows, consists of only 4 percent of the population. By contrast, 94 percent of respondents to that same survey professed a religious faith, and 61 percent said that they agreed with the statement that religion is very important in their lives. If free religious expression in the form of prayers is forbidden, school officials are, at the very least, teaching children that public recognition of God is not as significant as the things the schools can argue. It looks irrational that public schools permits open discussion about sexism but do not permit unwrap conversation regarding God. The courts have elapsed that schools can allocate free religious expressions devoid of implementing any meticulous category of spiritual consideration. Another dilemma is School prayer polarizes citizens around a religious axis. so far the First Amendment was printed to evade the bickers that might effect in the midst of values. Not tolerating prayer has done more to polarize citizens than almost any other issue in American history. Allowing prayer would put decision-making back in the hands of parents and local school boards, where it once rested. Those local boards could position guiding principles that would permit students who object to all prayer or some prayers not to chip in, just as many religious students have opted out of sex education classes at school place. That would obviously revere the rights of the minority, without infringing upon the rig hts of the majority. Local school boards would also be sheltered by the constitutional time/place/manner restrictions that apply equally to religious and nonreligious dialogue. In due course, a reinstatement of liberated expression to local public schools would unite, not polarize, citizens. The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment presents that government shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion. Because public schools are government funded, prayer led by school officials or incorporated into the school routine amounts to government-established religion. Prayer is school is already legal. Students are already allowed to pray on a voluntary basis (in a non-disruptive way) so formal school prayer is unnecessary. School prayer may lead to intolerance. Public prayer will emphasize religious diversity of which students may have been oblivious. Those students who withdraw from school prayer or dissent against it may be detested. School prayer is intrinsically coercive and cannot be implemented in a way that is truthfully intentional. The public school system is created for all students and supported by all taxpayers. It should therefore remain neutral on religious issues over which students and taxpayers will differ. Since no formal school prayer could simultaneously honor and uphold the tenets of the many religions practiced in the U.S., as well as various denominational differences, prayer is better left in the home and religious institution of the individual studentââ¬â¢s choice. An associated squabble is that school prayer assumes the function of parents and religious institutions who wish to offer religious instruction in keeping with their possessive viewpoints. (All About History, School Prayers) Ishmael Jaffree alleged after Supreme Court decision (1985): For me, the battle is over. But prayer will go on in the schools. It just wont go on in any of my childrens classes. (NY Times B5:1) Works Cited Edward F. Woods. ââ¬Å"Court Outlaws Prayer in Schoolsâ⬠.(1963) St. Louis Post-Dispatch Laurel MacLeod. ââ¬Å"School Prayer And Religious Liberty: A Constitutional Perspectiveâ⬠. (2000) http://www.cwfa.org/images/content/cwaicon.ico Frohnmayer, John. ââ¬Å"Out of Tune: Listening to the First Amendment. Golden, Coloradoâ⬠North American Press, (1995). Austin Cline. ââ¬Å"Prayers in Public Schoolsâ⬠. About: Agnosticism / Atheism. http;//usgovtifo.about.com ââ¬Å"Church and State: How the Court Decidesâ⬠. US Govt. Info/ Resources http;//usgovtifo.about.com ââ¬Å"School Prayer Case Law- Absolute Necessityâ⬠. Popular Issues http://www.allaboutpopularissues.org Choper, Jesse H. ââ¬Å"Securing Religious Liberty: Principles for Judicial Interpretation of the Religious Clausesâ⬠. University of Chicago Press. (1995). Erick Black and DJ Tice. ââ¬Å"The Big Question: Who was the elephant NOT in the roomâ⬠? Star Tribune (2006) http://www.startribune.com/blogs/bigquestion/?m=200601 ââ¬Å"Arguments Against School Prayerâ⬠. All About History http://www.allabouthistory.org Ishmael Jaffree. ââ¬Å"Quotation of the Dayâ⬠. The New York Times. B5:1, Published: June 5, 1985. Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8864688275083299888.post-80429455347058957342019-11-14T13:31:00.001-08:002019-11-14T13:31:02.095-08:00English :: essays papersEnglish It's easy to tell the difference from right and wrong. It's just like telling the difference between dark and light. But what if you grew up in the dark not knowing there was a light, then you'd only think in one direction. "A long habit of not thinking a thing wrong, gives it a superficial appearance of being right." Society usually thinks in one way, only the intelligent and gifted few can think outside of the box, outside of how society views the world. They follow their hearts to decide what is right and wrong. They come from the dark but are able to see the light. One of the intelligent and gifted few is Jonathan Edwards who wrote Sinners In The Hands Of An Angry God. In this writing he talks about how men are sinners and how they need to start living their lives according to the bible. Sin was always a big issue for the puritans because they believed that men were born sinners. In his Sinners In The Hands Of An Angry God, he mentions "their foot shall slide in due time" meaning that men stand on slippery ground. He describes of the sinner as a loathsome spider suspended by a slender thread over a pit of seething brimstone. And that "there is no fortress that is any defense against the power of god." Meaning that you cannot escape God no matter what you do and that helped awaken the people of the evil things they do. The Colonial Era had views such as that. They lived their lives as well as they can, but they were doing something wrong. They were being hypocrites. They didn't exactly follow through what a good Christian should do. They showed discrimination against other backgrounds, they used suspicion as means of law (an example would be witch craft trials). This train of thought later changed as the Age of Reason came. In the Age of Reason, one of the primary goals was to abolish the ignorance in men. In Benjamin Franklin's the Temple of Learning, he mentions in a dream where people visited the Temple of Learning "that the whole tribe who entered into the temple with me, began to climb the throne; but the work proving troublesome and difficult most of them, they withdrew their hands from the plow, and concentrated themselves to sit at the foot, with madam idleness and her maid ignorance. Bella Swankhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00832863722420585483noreply@blogger.com0